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Combining Remote Temperature Sensing with in-Situ Sensing to Track Marine/Freshwater Mixing Dynamics

机译：将远程温度感测与原位感测相结合以跟踪海洋/淡水混合动力

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The ability to track the dynamics of processes in natural water bodies on a global scale, and at a resolution that enables highly localised behaviour to be visualized, is an ideal scenario for understanding how local events can influence the global environment. While advances in in-situ chem/bio-sensing continue to be reported, costs and reliability issues still inhibit the implementation of large-scale deployments. In contrast, physical parameters like surface temperature can be tracked on a global scale using satellite remote sensing, and locally at high resolution via flyovers and drones using multi-spectral imaging. In this study, we show how a much more complete picture of submarine and intertidal groundwater discharge patterns in Kinvara Bay, Galway can be achieved using a fusion of data collected from the Earth Observation satellite (Landsat 8), small aircraft and in-situ sensors. Over the course of the four-day field campaign, over 65,000 in-situ temperatures, salinity and nutrient measurements were collected in parallel with high-resolution thermal imaging from aircraft flyovers. The processed in-situ data show highly correlated patterns between temperature and salinity at the southern end of the bay where freshwater springs can be identified at low tide. Salinity values range from 1 to 2 ppt at the southern end of the bay to 30 ppt at the mouth of the bay, indicating the presence of a freshwater wedge. The data clearly show that temperature differences can be used to track the dynamics of freshwater and seawater mixing in the inner bay region. This outcome suggests that combining the tremendous spatial density and wide geographical reach of remote temperature sensing (using drones, flyovers and satellites) with ground-truthing via appropriately located in-situ sensors (temperature, salinity, chemical, and biological) can produce a much more complete and accurate picture of the water dynamics than each modality used in isolation.
机译：在全球范围内跟踪自然水体中过程动态的能力以及以使高度本地化的行为可视化的分辨率，是了解局部事件如何影响全球环境的理想方案。尽管继续报告原位化学/生物传感技术的进步，但是成本和可靠性问题仍然限制了大规模部署的实施。相比之下，可以使用卫星遥感技术在全球范围内跟踪表面温度等物理参数，并使用多光谱成像技术通过天桥和无人机以高分辨率在本地进行跟踪。在这项研究中，我们展示了如何使用从地球观测卫星（Landsat 8），小型飞机和原位传感器收集的数据融合，可以更完整地了解戈尔韦金瓦拉湾的海底和潮间带地下水排放模式。在为期四天的野战过程中，与飞机立交桥的高分辨率热成像同时，收集了超过65,000的现场温度，盐度和养分测量值。处理后的原位数据显示，在海湾南端的温度与盐度之间存在高度相关的模式，在那里可以在退潮时识别出淡水泉水。盐度值从海湾南端的1到2 ppt到海湾口的30 ppt不等，表明存在淡水楔形。数据清楚地表明，温度差可用于跟踪内湾区的淡水和海水混合动力学。这一结果表明，通过适当定位的原位传感器（温度，盐度，化学和生物传感器）将远程温度感测（使用无人驾驶飞机，天桥和卫星）的巨大空间密度和广泛的地理范围与地面真相结合，可以产生很大的收益。与孤立使用的每种模式相比，它更完整，更准确地描述了水动力学。

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