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Multiple sex chromosome system in penguins (Pygoscelis Spheniscidae)

机译:企鹅的多性染色体系统(PygoscelisSpheniscidae)

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摘要

Penguins are classified in the order Sphenisciformes into a single family, Spheniscidae. The genus Pygoscelis Wagler, 1832, is composed of three species, Pygoscelis antarcticus Forster, 1781, P. papua Forster, 1781 and P. adeliae Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841. In this work, the objective was to describe and to compare the karyotypes of Pygoscelis penguins contributing genetic information to Sphenisciformes. The metaphases were obtained by lymphocyte culture, and the diploid number and the C-banding pattern were determined. P. antarcticus has 2n = 92, P. papua 2n = 94 and P. adeliae exhibited 2n = 96 in males and 2n = 95 in females. The difference of diploid number in P. adeliae was identified as a multiple sex chromosome system where males have Z1Z1Z2Z2 and females Z1Z2W. The C-banding showed the presence of a heterochromatic block in the long arm of W chromosome and Z2 was almost entirely heterochromatic. The probable origin of a multiple system in P. adeliae was a translocation involving the W chromosome and the chromosome ancestral to Z2. The comparison made possible the identification of a high karyotype homology in Sphenisciformes which can be seen in the conservation of macrochromosomes and in the Z chromosome. The karyotypic divergences in Pygoscelis are restricted to the number of microchromosomes and W, which proved to be highly variable in size and morphology. The data presented in this work corroborate molecular phylogenetic proposals, supporting the monophyletic origin of penguins and intraspecific relations.
机译:企鹅按蝶形目分类为一个家族,即蝶形科。 Pygoscelis Wagler属(1832)由3个种组成,Pygoscelis antarcticus Forster(1781),P。papua Forster(1781)和 P.。 adeliae Hombron&Jacquinot,1841年。在这项工作中,目标是描述和比较 Pygoscelis 企鹅将遗传信息贡献给 蝶形目 。通过淋巴细胞培养获得中期,并确定二倍体数和C带模式。 P。 antarcticus 的值为2n = 92, P。 巴布亚 2n = 94和 P。 adeliae 展示为2n = 96男性为2n,女性为95。 P。 adeliae 被确定为多性染色体系统,其中男性具有Z1Z1Z2Z2,女性具有Z1Z2W。 C带显示在W染色体的长臂中存在异色块,而Z2几乎完全是异色的。 P。 adeliae 中的多个系统的可能起源em> 是一个涉及W染色体和Z2祖先染色体的易位。通过比较,可以鉴定 Sphenisciformes 中的高核型同源性,这在大染色体的保存和Z染色体。 Pygoscelis 中的核型差异仅限于微染色体和W的数量,这证明了在大小和形态上变化很大。这项工作中提供的数据证实了分子系统发育的建议,支持企鹅的单系统起源和种内关系。

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