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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Journal of the Royal Society Interface >Glide performance and aerodynamics of non-equilibrium glides in northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus)
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Glide performance and aerodynamics of non-equilibrium glides in northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus)

机译：北方飞鼠（Glaucomys sabrinus）中非平衡滑翔的滑翔性能和空气动力学

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摘要

Gliding is an efficient form of travel found in every major group of terrestrial vertebrates. Gliding is often modelled in equilibrium, where aerodynamic forces exactly balance body weight resulting in constant velocity. Although the equilibrium model is relevant for long-distance gliding, such as soaring by birds, it may not be realistic for shorter distances between trees. To understand the aerodynamics of inter-tree gliding, we used direct observation and mathematical modelling. We used videography (60–125 fps) to track and reconstruct the three-dimensional trajectories of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) in nature. From their trajectories, we calculated velocities, aerodynamic forces and force coefficients. We determined that flying squirrels do not glide at equilibrium, and instead demonstrate continuously changing velocities, forces and force coefficients, and generate more lift than needed to balance body weight. We compared observed glide performance with mathematical simulations that use constant force coefficients, a characteristic of equilibrium glides. Simulations with varying force coefficients, such as those of live squirrels, demonstrated better whole-glide performance compared with the theoretical equilibrium state. Using results from both the observed glides and the simulation, we describe the mechanics and execution of inter-tree glides, and then discuss how gliding behaviour may relate to the evolution of flapping flight.
机译：滑行是在每个主要陆生脊椎动物群中发现的有效旅行方式。滑翔通常是在平衡模型中进行的，其中空气动力完全平衡了体重，从而产生了恒定的速度。尽管平衡模型与长距离滑行（例如鸟类飞翔）有关，但对于树木之间的较短距离可能不现实。为了了解树间滑行的空气动力学特性，我们使用了直接观察和数学建模。我们使用摄影（60–125 fps）来跟踪和重建自然界中北方飞鼠（Glaucomys sabrinus）的三维轨迹。根据它们的轨迹，我们计算了速度，空气动力和力系数。我们确定，松鼠不会滑行达到平衡，而是表现出不断变化的速度，作用力和作用力系数，并产生比平衡体重所需的更大的升力。我们将观察到的滑行性能与使用恒力系数（平衡滑行的特征）的数学模拟进行了比较。与理论平衡状态相比，具有变化力系数（例如，松鼠的力系数）的模拟显示出更好的全滑行性能。使用观察到的滑行和模拟的结果，我们描述了树间滑行的机理和执行，然后讨论了滑行行为如何与扑翼飞行的演变有关。

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