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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>The Journal of Neuroscience >Integration of distributed cortical systems by reentry: a computer simulation of interactive functionally segregated visual areas
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Integration of distributed cortical systems by reentry: a computer simulation of interactive functionally segregated visual areas

机译：通过折返集成分布式皮质系统：交互式功能隔离视觉区域的计算机模拟

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A computer model based on visual cortex has been constructed to analyze how the operations of multiple, functionally segregated cortical areas can be coordinated and integrated to yield a unified perceptual response. We propose that cortical integration arises through the process of reentry--the ongoing, parallel, recursive signaling between separate maps along ordered anatomical connections. To test the efficacy of this reentrant cortical integration (RCI) model, we have carried out detailed computer simulations of 3 interconnected cortical areas in the striate and extrastriate cortex of the macaque. The simulated networks contained a total of over 222,000 units and 8.5 million connections. The 3 modeled areas, called VOR, VOC, and VMO, incorporate major anatomical and physiological properties of cortical areas V1, V3, and V5 but are vastly simplified compared with monkey visual cortex. Simulated area VOR contains both orientation and directionally selective units; simulated area VMO discriminates the direction of motion of arbitrarily oriented objects; and simulated area VOC responds to both luminance and occlusion boundaries in the stimulus. Area VOC is able to respond to illusory contours (Kanizsa, 1979) by means of the same neural architecture used for the discrimination of occlusion boundaries. This architecture also generates responses to structure-from-motion by virtue of reentrant connections from VMO to VOC. The responses of the simulated networks to these illusions are consistent with the perceptual responses of humans and other species presented with these stimuli. The networks also respond in a consistent manner to a novel illusion that combines illusory contours and structure-from-motion. The response synthesized to this combined illusion provides a strong argument supporting the need for a recursive reentrant process in the cortex. Functional integration of the simulated areas in the RCI model were found to depend upon the combined action of 3 reentrant processes: (1) conflicting responses among segregated areas are competitively eliminated, (2) outputs of each area are used by other areas in their own operations, and (3) outputs of an area are “reentered” back to itself (through lower areas) and can thus be used iteratively to synthesize responses to complex or illusory stimuli. Transection of the reentrant connections selectively abolished these integrative processes and led to failure of figural synthesis. The proposed model of reentry suggests a basis for understanding how multiple visual areas as well as other cortical areas may be integrated within a distributed system.
机译：已经建立了基于视觉皮层的计算机模型，以分析如何协调和整合多个功能隔离的皮层区域的操作，以产生统一的感知响应。我们提出皮质整合是通过折返过程产生的-重新折入过程是沿着有序的解剖连接在单独的图之间进行的，并行的，递归的信号传递。为了测试这种可折返皮质整合（RCI）模型的功效，我们对猕猴的纹状体和超纹状体皮质中的3个相互连接的皮质区域进行了详细的计算机模拟。模拟的网络总共包含222,000多个单元和850万个连接。这3个模型区域分别称为VOR，VOC和VMO，具有皮质区域V1，V3和V5的主要解剖和生理特性，但与猴子的视觉皮层相比大大简化了。模拟区域VOR包含方向和方向选择单元；模拟区域VMO区分任意定向对象的运动方向；模拟区域的VOC响应刺激中的亮度和遮挡边界。区域VOC能够通过用于遮挡边界辨别的相同神经结构来响应虚幻的轮廓（Kanizsa，1979）。该架构还通过从VMO到VOC的可重入连接生成对运动结构的响应。模拟网络对这些错觉的响应与人类和其他受到这些刺激的物种的感知响应一致。网络还以一致的方式响应将幻觉轮廓和动感结构相结合的新型幻觉。对这种组合错觉的合成反应提供了强有力的论据，支持在皮质中需要递归折返过程。发现RCI模型中模拟区域的功能集成取决于三个折返过程的组合作用：（1）竞争性地消除了隔离区域之间的冲突响应，（2）每个区域的输出被其他区域自己使用操作和（3）某个区域的输出（通过较低区域）“重新输入”回自身，因此可以迭代地用于合成对复杂或虚幻刺激的响应。折返连接的横断选择性地取消了这些整合过程，并导致图形合成失败。提出的折返模型为理解如何将多个视觉区域以及其他皮质区域整合到分布式系统中提供了基础。

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