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Frequency dependence shapes the adaptive landscape of imperfect Batesian mimicry

机译:频率依赖性塑造了不完美的贝叶斯拟态的自适应格局

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摘要

Despite more than a century of biological research on the evolution and maintenance of mimetic signals, the relative frequencies of models and mimics necessary to establish and maintain Batesian mimicry in natural populations remain understudied. Here we investigate the frequency-dependent dynamics of imperfect Batesian mimicry, using predation experiments involving artificial butterfly models. We use two geographically distinct populations of Adelpha butterflies that vary in their relative frequencies of a putatively defended model (Adelpha iphiclus) and Batesian mimic (Adelpha serpa). We found that in Costa Rica, where both species share similar abundances, Batesian mimicry breaks down, and predators more readily attack artificial butterfly models of the presumed mimic, A. serpa. By contrast, in Ecuador, where A. iphiclus (model) is significantly more abundant than A. serpa (mimic), both species are equally protected from predation. Our results provide compelling experimental evidence that imperfect Batesian mimicry is frequency-dependent on the relative abundance of models and mimics in natural populations, and contribute to the growing body of evidence that complex dynamics, such as seasonality or the availability of alternative prey, influence the evolution of mimetic traits.
机译:尽管对模拟信号的进化和维持进行了一个多世纪的生物学研究,但仍未充分研究在自然种群中建立和维持贝塞斯拟态所需的模型和模拟的相对频率。在这里,我们使用涉及人工蝴蝶模型的捕食实验来研究不完善的贝茨模拟的频率依赖性动力学。我们使用两个地理上不同的Adelpha蝴蝶种群,它们的相对频率在假定的防御模型(Adelpha iphiclus)和Batesian模仿动物(Adelpha serpa)中有所不同。我们发现,在哥斯达黎加,这两个物种都具有相似的丰度,贝茨的拟态崩溃,捕食者更容易攻击假定的拟南芥A. serpa的人工蝴蝶模型。相比之下,在厄瓜多尔,伊菲克勒斯(模型)比锯齿曲霉(模拟)丰富得多,这两种物种均受到同样的保护,免受捕食。我们的结果提供了令人信服的实验证据,即不完美的贝茨模拟模仿频率取决于自然种群中模型和模拟的相对丰富度,并为越来越多的证据表明,复杂的动态因素(例如季节性或替代猎物的可用性)会影响动物的行为。模仿特征的演变。

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