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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Applied and Environmental Microbiology >Roles of Thermophiles and Fungi in Bitumen Degradation in Mostly Cold Oil Sands Outcrops
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Roles of Thermophiles and Fungi in Bitumen Degradation in Mostly Cold Oil Sands Outcrops

机译：嗜热菌和真菌在大多数冷油砂露头的沥青降解中的作用

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Oil sands are surface exposed in river valley outcrops in northeastern Alberta, where flat slabs (tablets) of weathered, bitumen-saturated sandstone can be retrieved from outcrop cliffs or from riverbeds. Although the average yearly surface temperature of this region is low (0.7°C), we found that the temperatures of the exposed surfaces of outcrop cliffs reached 55 to 60°C on sunny summer days, with daily maxima being 27 to 31°C. Analysis of the cooccurrence of taxa derived from pyrosequencing of 16S/18S rRNA genes indicated that an aerobic microbial network of fungi and hydrocarbon-, methane-, or acetate-oxidizing heterotrophic bacteria was present in all cliff tablets. Metagenomic analyses indicated an elevated presence of fungal cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in these samples. This network was distinct from the heterotrophic community found in riverbeds, which included fewer fungi. A subset of cliff tablets had a network of anaerobic and/or thermophilic taxa, including methanogens, Firmicutes, and Thermotogae, in the center. Long-term aerobic incubation of outcrop samples at 55°C gave a thermophilic microbial community. Analysis of residual bitumen with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer indicated that aerobic degradation proceeded at 55°C but not at 4°C. Little anaerobic degradation was observed. These results indicate that bitumen degradation on outcrop surfaces is a largely aerobic process with a minor anaerobic contribution and is catalyzed by a consortium of bacteria and fungi. Bitumen degradation is stimulated by periodic high temperatures on outcrop cliffs, which cause significant decreases in bitumen viscosity.
机译：油砂暴露在艾伯塔省东北部河谷露头的地表，在那里可以从露头悬崖或河床中找回风化沥青饱和的砂岩平板。尽管该地区的年平均地表温度较低（0.7°C），但我们发现在阳光明媚的夏日露头悬崖裸露表面的温度达到55至60°C，每日最高温度为27至31°C。对源自16S / 18S rRNA基因焦磷酸测序的类群共现的分析表明，所有悬崖片中都存在真菌和碳氢化合物，甲烷或乙酸盐氧化的异养细菌的需氧微生物网络。元基因组学分析表明这些样品中真菌细胞色素P450单加氧酶的存在增加。该网络与河床中的异养群落不同，后者包括较少的真菌。悬崖碑的一个子集在中心具有厌氧和/或嗜热类群网络，包括产甲烷菌，菌毛和嗜热菌。露头样品在55°C下长期长期有氧培养产生了嗜热微生物群落。用傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱仪分析残留的沥青，表明有氧降解在55℃下进行，但在4℃下没有进行。观察到很少的厌氧降解。这些结果表明，露头表面的沥青降解是主要的好氧过程，而厌氧作用很小，并且是由细菌和真菌组成的联合体催化的。露头悬崖上的周期性高温会刺激沥青降解，这会导致沥青粘度显着降低。

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