Time-domain computer simulation of sound production in airways is a widely used tool, both for research and synthetic speech production technology. Speed of computation is generally the rationale for one-dimensional approaches to sound propagation and radiation. Transmission line and wave-reflection (scattering) algorithms are used to produce formant frequencies and bandwidths for arbitrarily shaped airways. Some benchmark graphs and tables are provided for formant frequencies and bandwidth calculations based on specific mathematical terms in the one-dimensional Navier–Stokes equation. Some rules are provided here for temporal and spatial discretization in terms of desired accuracy and stability of the solution. Kinetic losses, which have been difficult to quantify in frequency-domain simulations, are quantified here on the basis of the measurements of Scherer, Torkaman, Kucinschi, and Afjeh [(2010). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. >128(2), 828–838].
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机译：气道中声音产生的时域计算机模拟是一种广泛用于研究和合成语音产生技术的工具。计算速度通常是声音传播和辐射的一维方法的基本原理。传输线和波反射（散射）算法用于为任意形状的气道产生共振峰频率和带宽。根据一维Navier–Stokes方程中的特定数学术语，提供了一些基准图和表格用于共振峰频率和带宽计算。根据解决方案的所需精度和稳定性，此处提供了一些时间和空间离散化规则。在频域模拟中难以量化的运动损失，在此根据Scherer，Torkaman，Kucinschi和Afjeh的测量结果进行量化[（2010）。 J. Acoust。 Soc。上午。 > 128 （2），828-838]。
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