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Methods of Retinal Ganglion Cell Differentiation From Pluripotent Stem Cells

机译：从多能干细胞分化视网膜神经节细胞的方法

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Glaucoma, the worldwide leading cause of irreversible blindness, is characterized by progressive degeneration of the optic nerve and loss of retinal ganglion cells. Research into glaucoma pathogenesis has been hampered by difficulties in isolating and culturing retinal ganglion cells in vitro. However, recent improvements in laboratory techniques have enabled the generation of a variety of mature cell types from pluripotent stem cells, including retinal ganglion cells. Indeed, stem cell-based approaches have the potential to revolutionize the field by providing an unlimited source of cells for replacement therapies and by enabling development of in vitro disease models for drug screening and research. Consequently, research aimed at directing pluripotent stem cells to differentiate into retinal ganglion cells has expanded dramatically during the past decade, resulting in significant advances in technique and efficiency. In this paper, we review the methodology for retinal ganglion cell differentiation from pluripotent stem cells of both mouse and human origin and summarize how these techniques have opened up new avenues for modelling glaucoma. Generation of stem cell–derived retinal ganglion cells will have significant translational values, providing an in vitro platform to study the mechanisms responsible for pathogenesis and for drug screening to improve treatment options, as well as for the development of cell therapies for optic neuropathies such as glaucoma.
机译：青光眼是不可逆性失明的全球主要诱因，其特征是视神经进行性变性和视网膜神经节细胞丧失。体外分离和培养视网膜神经节细胞的困难阻碍了青光眼发病机理的研究。然而，实验室技术的最新改进使得能够从多能干细胞，包括视网膜神经节细胞，产生多种成熟细胞类型。确实，基于干细胞的方法通过提供无限的替代疗法细胞来源，并能够开发用于药物筛选和研究的体外疾病模型，具有改变该领域的潜力。因此，在过去十年中，旨在引导多能干细胞分化为视网膜神经节细胞的研究得到了极大的扩展，从而在技术和效率上取得了重大进展。在本文中，我们回顾了从小鼠和人类多能干细胞分化出视网膜神经节细胞的方法，并总结了这些技术如何为建模青光眼开辟了新途径。源自干细胞的视网膜神经节细胞的产生将具有重要的翻译价值，为研究致病机理和药物筛选以改善治疗选择以及开发视神经病变的细胞疗法（例如，青光眼。

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