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Fossil record of stem groups employed in evaluating the chronogram of insects (Arthropoda: Hexapoda)

机译：用于评估昆虫记数的茎群化石记录（节肢动物：六足纲）

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摘要

Insecta s. str. (=Ectognatha), comprise the largest and most diversified group of living organisms, accounting for roughly half of the biodiversity on Earth. Understanding insect relationships and the specific time intervals for their episodes of radiation and extinction are critical to any comprehensive perspective on evolutionary events. Although some deeper nodes have been resolved congruently, the complete evolution of insects has remained obscure due to the lack of direct fossil evidence. Besides, various evolutionary phases of insects and the corresponding driving forces of diversification remain to be recognized. In this study, a comprehensive sample of all insect orders was used to reconstruct their phylogenetic relationships and estimate deep divergences. The phylogenetic relationships of insect orders were congruently recovered by Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses. A complete timescale of divergences based on an uncorrelated log-normal relaxed clock model was established among all lineages of winged insects. The inferred timescale for various nodes are congruent with major historical events including the increase of atmospheric oxygen in the Late Silurian and earliest Devonian, the radiation of vascular plants in the Devonian, and with the available fossil record of the stem groups to various insect lineages in the Devonian and Carboniferous.
机译：昆虫纲海峡（= Ectognatha），是最大和最多样化的活生物体，约占地球生物多样性的一半。了解昆虫的关系及其辐射和灭绝事件的特定时间间隔对于任何关于进化事件的全面观点都是至关重要的。尽管已经更深入地解决了一些更深的节点，但是由于缺乏直接的化石证据，昆虫的完全进化仍然是晦涩的。此外，昆虫的各个进化阶段以及相应的多样化驱动力仍有待认识。在这项研究中，使用了所有昆虫纲的综合样本来重建它们的系统发育关系并估计深度差异。通过贝叶斯推论和最大似然分析可以一致地恢复昆虫纲的系统发育关系。在所有带翅昆虫谱系中建立了基于不相关的对数正态松弛时钟模型的完整发散时间尺度。推断出的各个节点的时间尺度与主要的历史事件相一致，包括志留纪晚期和泥盆纪早期大气中氧气的增加，泥盆纪中维管植物的辐射以及干群对化石中各种昆虫谱系的可用化石记录。泥盆纪和石炭纪。

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