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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Scientific Reports >Influences of age mental workload and flight experience on cognitive performance and prefrontal activity in private pilots: a fNIRS study
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Influences of age mental workload and flight experience on cognitive performance and prefrontal activity in private pilots: a fNIRS study

机译：fNIRS研究显示年龄心理工作量和飞行经历对私人飞行员的认知能力和前额活动的影响

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The effects of aging on cognitive performance must be better understood, especially to protect older individuals who are engaged in risky activities (e.g. aviation). Current literature on executive functions suggests that brain compensatory mechanisms may counter cognitive deterioration due to aging, at least up to certain task load levels. The present study assesses this hypothesis in private pilots engaged in two executive tasks from the standardized CANTAB battery, namely Spatial Working Memory (SWM) and  One Touch Stockings of Cambridge (OTS). Sixty-one pilots from three age groups (young, middle-aged, older) performed these two tasks from low to very high difficulty levels, beyond those reported in previous aging studies. A fNIRS headband measured changes in oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) in the prefrontal cortex. Results confirmed an overall effect of the difficulty level in the three age groups, with a decline in task performance and an increase in prefrontal HbO2 signal. Performance of older relative to younger pilots was impaired in both tasks, with the greatest impairment observed for the highest-load Spatial Working Memory task. Consistent with this behavioral deficit in older pilots, a plateau of prefrontal activity was observed at this highest-load level, suggesting that a ceiling in neural resources was reached. When behavioral performance was either equivalent between age groups or only slightly impaired in the older group, there were not any age-related differences in prefrontal activity. Finally, older pilots with extensive flying experience tend to show better preserved spatial working memory performance when compared to mildly-experienced of the same age group. The present findings are discussed in the frames of HAROLD and CRUNCH theoretical models of cognitive and neural aging, evoking the possibility that piloting expertise may contribute to preserve executive functions throughout adulthood.
机译：必须更好地理解衰老对认知能力的影响，尤其是为了保护从事冒险活动（例如航空）的老年人。有关执行功能的最新文献表明，大脑补偿机制可能可以应对由于衰老引起的认知能力下降，至少可以达到某些任务负荷水平。本研究在从事标准化CANTAB电池两项执行任务的私人飞行员中评估了这一假设，即空间工作记忆（SWM）和剑桥一键式长袜（OTS）。来自三个年龄段（年轻，中年，年龄较大）的61位飞行员完成了这两项任务，从低难度到极高的难度，超出了先前的年龄研究报告的水平。 fNIRS头带测量了额叶皮层中氧合血红蛋白（HbO2）的变化。结果证实了这三个年龄组的难度水平的总体影响，任务表现下降，前额叶HbO2信号增加。在这两项任务中，相对于年轻飞行员而言，年长飞行员的性能均受到损害，对于最高负荷的空间工作记忆任务，观察到的损害最大。与老年飞行员的这种行为缺陷相一致，在此最高负荷水平上观察到前额叶活动的平台期，这表明神经资源达到了上限。当行为表现在各年龄组之间相等或仅在较年长组中有轻微损害时，前额叶活动没有任何与年龄相关的差异。最后，与相同年龄组的轻度经验者相比，具有丰富飞行经验的老年飞行员倾向于表现出更好的保留空间工作记忆性能。本研究结果在认知和神经衰老的HAROLD和CRUNCH理论模型的框架中进行了讨论，从而激发了飞行员的专业知识可能有助于在整个成年期保持执行功能的可能性。

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