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Pleomorphic bacteria-like structures in human blood represent non-living membrane vesicles and protein particles

机译:人血中的类多形细菌样结构代表无生命的膜囊泡和蛋白质颗粒

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摘要

Although human blood is believed to be a sterile environment, recent studies suggest that pleomorphic bacteria exist in the blood of healthy humans. These studies have led to the development of “live-blood analysis,” a technique used by alternative medicine practitioners to diagnose various human conditions, including allergies, cancer, cardiovascular disease and septicemia. We show here that bacteria-like vesicles and refringent particles form in healthy human blood observed under dark-field microscopy. These structures gradually increase in number during incubation and show morphologies reminiscent of cells undergoing division. Based on lipid analysis and Western blotting, we show that the bacteria-like entities consist of membrane vesicles containing serum and exosome proteins, including albumin, fetuin-A, apolipoprotein-A1, alkaline phosphatase, TNFR1 and CD63. In contrast, the refringent particles represent protein aggregates that contain several blood proteins. 16S rDNA PCR analysis reveals the presence of bacterial DNA in incubated blood samples but also in negative controls, indicating that the amplified sequences represent contaminants. These results suggest that the bacteria-like vesicles and refringent particles observed in human blood represent non-living membrane vesicles and protein aggregates derived from blood. The phenomena observed during live-blood analysis are therefore consistent with time-dependent decay of cells and body fluids during incubation ex vivo.
机译:尽管人们认为血液是无菌环境,但最近的研究表明,健康人的血液中存在多形性细菌。这些研究导致了“活血分析”的发展,替代医学从业人员使用该技术诊断各种人类疾病,包括过敏,癌症,心血管疾病和败血病。我们在这里显示在暗视野显微镜下观察到的健康人血中细菌样囊泡和折射颗粒的形成。这些结构在孵育过程中数量逐渐增加,并显示出使细胞分裂的形态。基于脂质分析和蛋白质印迹,我们显示细菌样实体由含有血清和外泌体蛋白的膜囊泡组成,这些蛋白包括白蛋白,胎球蛋白-A,载脂蛋白-A1,碱性磷酸酶,TNFR1和CD63。相反,折射粒子代表包含几种血液蛋白质的蛋白质聚集体。 16S rDNA PCR分析揭示了培养的血液样本中以及阴性对照中细菌DNA的存在,表明扩增的序列代表污染物。这些结果表明,在人血中观察到的细菌样囊泡和折射颗粒代表无生命的膜囊泡和来源于血液的蛋白质聚集体。因此,在活血分析过程中观察到的现象与离体温育过程中细胞和体液随时间的衰减一致。

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