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Ecological effects of full and partial protection in the crowded Mediterranean Sea: a regional meta-analysis

机译:拥挤的地中海地区全面和部分保护的生态效应:区域荟萃分析

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摘要

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a cornerstone of marine conservation. Globally, the number and coverage of MPAs are increasing, but MPA implementation lags in many human-dominated regions. In areas with intense competition for space and resources, evaluation of the effects of MPAs is crucial to inform decisions. In the human-dominated Mediterranean Sea, fully protected areas occupy only 0.04% of its surface. We evaluated the impacts of full and partial protection on biomass and density of fish assemblages, some commercially important fishes, and sea urchins in 24 Mediterranean MPAs. We explored the relationships between the level of protection and MPA size, age, and enforcement. Results revealed significant positive effects of protection for fisheries target species and negative effects for urchins as their predators benefited from protection. Full protection provided stronger effects than partial protection. Benefits of full protection for fish biomass were only correlated with the level of MPA enforcement; fish density was higher in older, better enforced, and —interestingly— smaller MPAs. Our finding that even small, well-enforced, fully protected areas can have significant ecological effects is encouraging for “crowded” marine environments. However, more data are needed to evaluate sufficient MPA sizes for protecting populations of species with varying mobility levels.
机译:海洋保护区(MPA)是海洋保护的基石。在全球范围内,MPA的数量和覆盖范围正在增加,但在许多以人为本的地区,MPA的实施滞后。在空间和资源竞争激烈的地区,MPA效果的评估对于做出决策至关重要。在人类主导的地中海中,受到充分保护的区域仅占其表面的0.04%。我们评估了全部和部分保护对24个地中海MPA中鱼群,一些重要商业鱼类和海胆的生物量和密度的影响。我们探讨了保护级别与MPA大小,年龄和执法之间的关系。结果表明,对捕捞目标物种的保护具有明显的积极作用,而对海胆则具有消极作用,因为其捕食者受益于保护。与部分保护相比,全面保护提供了更强的效果。全面保护鱼类生物量的益处仅与MPA执法水平相关;在较老的MPA中,鱼的密度较高,执行力更好,并且(有趣的是)较小。我们的发现,即使是很小的,实施得当的全面保护区也可能产生重大的生态影响,这对于“拥挤”的海洋环境是令人鼓舞的。但是,需要更多数据来评估足够的MPA大小,以保护具有不同迁移水平的物种种群。

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