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Inferring the evolutionary mechanism of the chloroplast genome size by comparing whole-chloroplast genome sequences in seed plants

机译：通过比较种子植物中的全叶绿体基因组序列推断叶绿体基因组大小的进化机制

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The chloroplast genome originated from photosynthetic organisms and has retained the core genes that mainly encode components of photosynthesis. However, the causes of variations in chloroplast genome size in seed plants have only been thoroughly analyzed within small subsets of spermatophytes. In this study, we conducted the first comparative analysis on a large scale to examine the relationship between sequence characteristics and genome size in 272 seed plants based on cross-species and phylogenetic signal analysis. Our results showed that inverted repeat regions, large or small single copies, intergenic regions, and gene number can be attributed to the variations in chloroplast genome size among closely related species. However, chloroplast gene length underwent evolution affecting chloroplast genome size in seed plants irrespective of whether phylogenetic information was incorporated. Among chloroplast genes, atpA, accD and ycf1 account for 13% of the variation in genome size, and the average Ka/Ks values of homologous pairs of the three genes are larger than 1. The relationship between chloroplast genome size and gene length might be affected by selection during the evolution of spermatophytes. The variation in chloroplast genome size may influence energy generation and ecological strategy in seed plants.
机译：叶绿体基因组起源于光合生物，并保留了主要编码光合作用成分的核心基因。但是，种子植物中叶绿体基因组大小变化的原因仅在小部分的种子植物中被彻底分析过。在这项研究中，我们进行了首次大规模比较分析，以基于跨物种和系统发生信号分析，检查272种种子植物中序列特征与基因组大小之间的关系。我们的结果表明，反向重复区域，大或小的单拷贝，基因间区域和基因数目可归因于密切相关物种之间叶绿体基因组大小的变化。但是，叶绿体基因长度的进化会影响种子植物中叶绿体基因组的大小，无论是否结合了系统发育信息。在叶绿体基因中，atpA，accD和ycf1占基因组大小变异的13％，三个基因的同源对的平均Ka / Ks值大于1。叶绿体基因组大小与基因长度之间的关系可能是受精子进化过程中选择的影响。叶绿体基因组大小的变化可能影响种子植物的能量产生和生态策略。

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