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Comparisons of aerosol backscatter using satellite and ground lidars: implications for calibrating and validating spaceborne lidar

机译：使用卫星和地面激光雷达进行气溶胶反向散射的比较：对校准和验证星载激光雷达的意义

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The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument on the polar orbiter Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) is an elastic backscatter lidar that produces a global uniformly-calibrated aerosol data set. Several Calibration/Validation (Cal/Val) studies for CALIOP conducted with ground-based lidars and CALIOP data showed large aerosol profile disagreements, both random and systematic. In an attempt to better understand these problems, we undertook a series of ground-based lidar measurements in Atlanta, Georgia, which did not provide better agreement with CALIOP data than the earlier efforts, but rather prompted us to investigate the statistical limitations of such comparisons. Meaningful Cal/Val requires intercomparison data sets with small enough uncertainties to provide a check on the maximum expected calibration error. For CALIOP total attenuated backscatter, reducing the noise to the required level requires averaging profiles along the ground track for distances of at least 1,500 km. Representative comparison profiles often cannot be acquired with ground-based lidars because spatial aerosol inhomogeneities introduce systematic error into the averages. These conclusions have implications for future satellite lidar Cal/Val efforts, because planned satellite lidars measuring aerosol backscatter, wind vector, and CO2 concentration profiles may all produce data requiring considerable along-track averaging for meaningful Cal/Val.
机译：极地轨道器上的带有正交极化的Cloud-Aerosol Lidar仪器Cloud-Aerosol Lidar和红外探路者卫星观测（CALIPSO）是一种弹性的后向散射激光雷达，可产生全球统一校准的气溶胶数据集。使用地面激光雷达和CALIOP数据对CALIOP进行的几项校准/验证（Cal / Val）研究表明，较大的气溶胶剖面差异很大，无论是随机的还是系统的。为了更好地理解这些问题，我们在佐治亚州的亚特兰大进行了一系列地面激光雷达测量，与早期的工作相比，它与CALIOP数据的一致性更高，但促使我们研究此类比较的统计局限性。有意义的Cal / Val需要具有足够小的不确定性的比较数据集，以检查最大预期校准误差。对于CALIOP的总衰减后向散射，要将噪声降低到所需水平，需要沿着地面轨道平均分布至少1500 km的距离。由于地面气溶胶的不均匀性将系统误差引入平均值，因此通常无法使用地面激光雷达获得代表性的比较剖面。这些结论对未来的卫星激光雷达Cal / Val工作有影响，因为计划中的测量卫星气溶胶反向散射，风向矢量和CO2浓度分布图的卫星激光雷达可能全部产生需要有意义的沿途平均才能获得有意义的Cal / Val的数据。

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