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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Conservation Physiology >Ecotourism effects on health and immunity of Magellanic penguins at two reproductive colonies with disparate touristic regimes and population trends
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Ecotourism effects on health and immunity of Magellanic penguins at two reproductive colonies with disparate touristic regimes and population trends

机译：生态旅游对两个不同旅游体制和人口趋势的繁殖地麦哲伦企鹅健康和免疫的影响

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Negative effects of ecotourism on wildlife are rising worldwide. Conservation physiology can play a major role in protecting wildlife by providing early alerts on changes in the status of individuals exposed to tourist activities. We measured an integrated set of immune and health-state indices to evaluate the effects of ecotourism on Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). We studied two reproductive colonies that differed in the intensity of tourism and population trends: Punta Tombo (higher tourism intensity, declining population) and San Lorenzo (lower tourism intensity, growing population). Within each colony, we compared individuals from an area that was exposed to tourists and a control area where tourism was excluded. Adult penguins exposed to tourism at Punta Tombo, but not at San Lorenzo, showed physiological alterations indicative of chronic stress (higher heterophil to lymphocyte ratios) and parasitic infection (elevated heterophil and eosinophil counts). Penguin chicks exposed to tourism at Punta Tombo, but not at San Lorenzo, also showed physiological alterations indicative of poor immune and general-health condition: lower humoral innate immunity, haematocrit, and glucose levels and higher inflammatory responses likely due to increased prevalence of fleas. Our results indicate that individuals of a declining population exposed to high levels of tourism express physiological indicators of chronic stress and poor health that could make adults and juveniles vulnerable to disease. These effects are expressed despite a long history of exposure and behavioural habituation to human visitation. In contrast, individuals of a growing population exposed to more recent and lower levels of tourism showed no effect. Our study demonstrates how a diverse physiological toolkit within a conservation physiology approach can provide important information for a better comprehension of anthropogenic effects on wild animals in our changing world.
机译：生态旅游对野生动植物的负面影响正在全球范围内增加。保护生理学可以通过提供有关旅游活动者个人状况变化的早期警报来在保护野生动植物中发挥重要作用。我们测量了一组完整的免疫和健康状况指数，以评估生态旅游对麦哲伦企鹅（Spheniscus magellanicus）的影响。我们研究了两个在旅游强度和人口趋势上不同的生殖殖民地：蓬塔通博（旅游强度较高，人口下降）和圣洛伦佐（旅游强度较低，人口增长）。在每个殖民地中，我们比较了那些受到游客欢迎的地区和排除旅游业的控制地区的个人。在蓬塔通博（Punta Tombo）而不是圣洛伦佐（San Lorenzo）暴露于旅游业的成年企鹅，表现出生理变化，表明存在慢性应激（较高的异嗜性与淋巴细胞比率）和寄生虫感染（异嗜性和嗜酸性粒细胞计数升高）。在蓬塔通博旅游但不在圣洛伦佐旅游的企鹅雏鸡也表现出生理变化，表明免疫力和总体健康状况较差：体液固有免疫力降低，血细胞比容和葡萄糖水平降低，而跳蚤患病率上升可能引起较高的炎症反应。我们的结果表明，处于高旅游水平的人口下降群体表达了慢性压力和健康状况不佳的生理指标，这可能使成年人和青少年容易患病。尽管有悠久的接触历史和人类习惯的行为习惯，但仍表达了这些效应。相比之下，人口增长中的个人暴露于较新的旅游水平和较低水平的旅游中则没有效果。我们的研究表明，在保护生理学方法中使用多种生理工具包可以如何提供重要信息，以便更好地理解人类在不断变化的世界中对野生动物的影响。

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