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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Ecology and Evolution >Direct and indirect effects of land‐use intensification on ant communities in temperate grasslands
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Direct and indirect effects of land‐use intensification on ant communities in temperate grasslands

机译：土地集约化对温带草原蚂蚁群落的直接和间接影响

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Land‐use intensification is a major driver of local species extinction and homogenization. Temperate grasslands, managed at low intensities over centuries harbored a high species diversity, which is increasingly threatened by the management intensification over the last decades. This includes key taxa like ants. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to a decrease in ant abundance and species richness as well as changes in functional community composition are not well understood. We sampled ants on 110 grassland plots in three regions in Germany. The sampled grasslands are used as meadows or pastures, being mown, grazed or fertilized at different intensities. We analyzed the effect of the different aspects of land use on ant species richness, functional trait spaces, and community composition by using a multimodel inference approach and structural equation models. Overall, we found 31 ant species belonging to 8 genera, mostly open habitat specialists. Ant species richness, functional trait space of communities, and abundance of nests decreased with increasing land‐use intensity. The land‐use practice most harmful to ants was mowing, followed by heavy grazing by cattle. Fertilization did not strongly affect ant species richness. Grazing by sheep increased the ant species richness. The effect of mowing differed between species and was strongly negative for Formica species while Myrmica and common Lasius species were less affected. Rare species occurred mainly in plots managed at low intensity. Our results show that mowing less often or later in the season would retain a higher ant species richness—similarly to most other grassland taxa. The transformation from (sheep) pastures to intensively managed meadows and especially mowing directly affects ants via the destruction of nests and indirectly via loss of grassland heterogeneity (reduced plant species richness) and increased soil moisture by shading of fast‐growing plant species.
机译：土地集约化是当地物种灭绝和同质化的主要驱动力。经过几个世纪的低强度管理的温带草原具有较高的物种多样性，在过去的几十年中，这种草原日益受到管理强度的威胁。这包括像蚂蚁一样的关键分类单元。但是，导致蚂蚁丰度和物种丰富度降低以及功能性群落组成改变的潜在机制尚不十分清楚。我们在德国三个地区的110个草地上采样了蚂蚁。采样的草地用作草地或牧场，以不同的强度进行割草，放牧或施肥。我们通过使用多模型推断方法和结构方程模型，分析了土地利用的不同方面对蚂蚁物种丰富度，功能性状特征空间和群落组成的影响。总体而言，我们发现了8个属的31种蚂蚁，其中大多数是开放式栖息地专家。随着土地利用强度的增加，蚂蚁物种的丰富度，群落功能性状特征的空间以及巢的丰度降低。对蚂蚁最有害的土地利用方式是割草，然后是牛的大量放牧。施肥并没有强烈影响蚂蚁物种的丰富度。绵羊放牧增加了蚂蚁的物种丰富度。割草的效果在物种之间有所不同，并且对福米卡树种具有强烈的负面影响，而Myrmica和常见Lasius树种的影响较小。稀有物种主要发生在低强度管理的土地上。我们的结果表明，与其他大多数草地类群一样，在该季节较少或较晚进行修剪将保留较高的蚂蚁物种丰富度。从（绵羊）牧场到集约经营的草地的转变，尤其是割草，通过破坏巢而直接影响蚂蚁，并通过丧失草地异质性（减少植物物种丰富度）并通过快速生长的植物物种遮蔽增加土壤水分而间接影响蚂蚁。

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