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Seed dormancy and germination vary within and among species of milkweeds

机译：马利筋种内和种之间的种子休眠和发芽有所不同

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摘要

Pollinators in general and monarch butterflies in particular are in decline due to habitat loss. Efforts to restore habitats for insects that rely on specific plant groups as larvae or adults depend on the ability of practitioners to grow and produce these plants. Monarch larvae feed exclusively on milkweed species, primarily in the genus Asclepias, making propagation and restoration of these plants crucial for habitat restoration. Seed germination protocols for milkweeds are not well established, in part due to the large number of milkweed species and conflicting reports of seed dormancy in the genus. We tested for seed dormancy and the optimum period of cold stratification in 15 populations of A. speciosa and 1–2 populations of five additional species, including A. asperula, A. fascicularis, A. subulata, A. subverticillata and A. syriaca. We exposed seeds to cold (5 °C) moist conditions for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks and then moved them to 15 °C/25 °C alternating temperatures. In A. speciosa, dormancy was detected in eight populations, and this dormancy was broken by 2–4 weeks of cold stratification. The remaining seven populations showed no dormancy. Seed dormancy was also detected in two populations of A. fascicularis (broken by 4–6 weeks of cold stratification) and a single population of A. syriaca (broken by 2 weeks of cold stratification). No dormancy was detected in A. asperula, A. subulata or A. subverticillata. Seed dormancy appears to be widespread in the genus (confirmed in 15 species) but can vary between populations even within the same species. Variation in seed dormancy and cold stratification requirements within and among Asclepias species suggests local adaptation and maternal environments may drive seedling ecology, and that growers should watch for low germination and use cold stratification as needed to maximize seed germination and retain genetic variability in restored populations.
机译：由于栖息地的丧失，授粉媒介尤其是帝王蝶的数量正在下降。恢复依靠幼虫或成虫等特定植物群的昆虫的栖息地的努力取决于从业者生长和生产这些植物的能力。帝王幼虫主要以马利筋属植物（主要是马利筋属）为食，因此这些植物的繁殖和恢复对于栖息地的恢复至关重要。乳草的种子发芽规程还不完善，部分原因是乳草种类繁多，并且该属种子休眠的报道相互矛盾。我们在15个种群的A. speciosa和1-2个种群的5个其他物种中测试了种子休眠和冷分层的最佳时期，其中包括5种其他物种，包括曲霉菌，fasicularicularis，sub.ataulata，subverticillata和拟南芥。我们将种子暴露在寒冷（5°C）潮湿的条件下0、2、4、6和8周，然后将它们移至15°C / 25°C交替温度下。在A. speciosa中，在八个种群中都检测到了休眠，并且这种休眠被冷分层2-4周打破了。其余七个人口没有休眠。在两个种群的A. fascicularis（被冷分层4–6周打破）和一个单一的A. syriaca（被2周冷分层打破）中也检测到了种子休眠。在曲霉菌，sub.ataulata或subverticillata中没有检测到休眠。种子休眠似乎在该属中广泛存在（已确认15种），但即使在同一物种内，种群之间也可能有所不同。马齿species物种内部和之间的种子休眠和冷分层要求的变化表明，当地的适应和母体环境可能会推动幼苗生态，种植者应注意低发芽率，并根据需要使用冷分层以最大化种子发芽并保留恢复种群的遗传变异性。

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