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Species–environment interactions changed by introduced herbivores in an oceanic high-mountain ecosystem

机译：海洋高山区生态系统中引入的草食动物改变了物种与环境的相互作用

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Summit areas of oceanic islands constitute some of the most isolated ecosystems on earth, highly vulnerable to climate change and introduced species. Within the unique high-elevation communities of Tenerife (Canary Islands), reproductive success and thus the long-term survival of the species may depend on environmental suitability as well as threat by introduced herbivores. By experimentally modifying the endemic and vulnerable species Viola cheiranthifolia along its entire altitudinal occurrence range, we studied plant performance, autofertility, pollen limitation and visitation rate and the interactive effect of grazing by non-native rabbits on them. We assessed the grazing effects by recording (i) the proportion of consumed plants and flowers along the gradient, (ii) comparing fitness traits of herbivore-excluded plants along the gradient, and (iii) comparing fitness traits, autofertility and pollen limitation between plants excluded from herbivores with unexcluded plants at the same locality. Our results showed that V. cheiranthifolia performance is mainly affected by inter-annual and microhabitat variability along the gradient, especially in the lowest edge. Despite the increasingly adverse environmental conditions, the plant showed no pollen limitation with elevation, which is attributed to the increase in autofertility levels (≥ 50% of reproductive output) and decrease in competition for pollinators at higher elevations. Plant fitness is, however, extremely reduced owing to the presence of non-native rabbits in the area (consuming more than 75% of the individuals in some localities), which in turn change plant trait-environment interactions along the gradient. Taken together, these findings indicate that the elevational variation found on plant performance results from the combined action of non-native rabbits with the microhabitat variability, exerting intricate ecological influences that threaten the survival of this violet species.
机译：海洋岛屿的顶峰地区构成了地球上一些最孤立的生态系统，极易受到气候变化和引进物种的影响。在特内里费岛（加那利群岛）独特的高海拔群落中，繁殖成功以及该物种的长期生存可能取决于环境的适应性以及引入的食草动物的威胁。通过沿整个海拔范围对地方性和脆弱性中提琴中提花进行实验性修饰，我们研究了植物的生长性能，自育性，花粉限制和访视率以及非本地兔子放牧对它们的相互作用。我们通过记录（i）沿梯度消耗的植物和花朵的比例，（ii）比较沿梯度的食草动物除外植物的适应性特征以及（iii）比较植物之间的适应性特征，自育性和花粉限制来评估放牧效果排除在同一地点的未排除植物之外的食草动物中。我们的结果表明，白屈菜的性能主要受沿梯度的年际变化和微生境变化的影响，特别是在最低边缘。尽管恶劣的环境条件日益严重，但该植物的花粉水平并未随海拔的升高而受到限制，这归因于自育水平的提高（繁殖产量的≥50％）和更高海拔上对传粉媒介的竞争减少。但是，由于该地区存在非本地兔子（在某些地方消耗了超过75％的个体），植物的适应性大大降低，从而改变了植物性状与环境之间的相互作用。综上所述，这些发现表明植物性能的海拔变化是由于非本地兔子与微生境变异性的联合作用所致，施加了复杂的生态影响，威胁了该紫罗兰物种的生存。

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