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Does functional homogenization accompany taxonomic homogenization of British birds and how do biotic factors and climate affect these processes?

机译：功能同质化是否伴随着英国鸟类的分类学同质化？生物因素和气候如何影响这些过程？

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Environmental change has reshuffled communities often causing taxonomic homogenization rather than differentiation. Some studies suggest that this increasing similarity of species composition between communities is accompanied by an increase in similarity of trait composition—functional homogenization—although different methodologies have failed to come to any consistent conclusions. Functional homogenization could have a large effect on ecosystem functioning and stability. Here, we use the general definition of homogenization as “reduced spatial turnover over time” to compare changes in Simpson's beta diversity (taxonomic turnover) with changes in Rao's quadratic entropy beta diversity (functional turnover) in British breeding birds at three spatial scales. Using biotic and climatic variables, we identify which factors may predispose a site to homogenization. The change in turnover measures between two time periods, 20 years apart, was calculated. A null model approach was taken to identify occurrences of functional homogenization and differentiation independent of changes in taxonomic turnover. We used conditional autoregressive models fitted using integrated nested Laplace approximations to determine how environmental drivers and factors relating to species distributions affect changes in spatial turnover of species and functional diversity. The measurement of functional homogenization affects the chance of rejection of the null models, with many sites showing taxonomic homogenization unaccompanied by functional homogenization, although occurrence varies with spatial scale. At the smallest scale, while temperature‐related variables drive changes in taxonomic turnover, changes in functional turnover are associated with variation in growing degree days; however, changes in functional turnover become more difficult to predict at larger spatial scales. Our results highlight the multifactorial processes underlying taxonomic and functional homogenization and that redundancy in species traits may allow ecosystem functioning to be maintained in some areas despite changes in species composition.
机译：环境变化已经改组了社区，常常导致分类学上的同质化而不是分化。一些研究表明，群落之间物种组成相似性的不断提高伴随着性状组成相似性的提高（功能同质化），尽管不同的方法未能得出任何一致的结论。功能均质化可能对生态系统功能和稳定性产生很大影响。在这里，我们使用同质化的一般定义为“随时间减少的空间周转量”，以比较三种空间尺度上英国繁殖鸟类中辛普森的β多样性（分类学周转率）与饶的二次熵β多样性（功能周转率）变化。使用生物和气候变量，我们确定哪些因素可能使一个站点趋于均质。计算了相隔20年的两个时间段之间的营业额变化。采用空模型方法来识别功能均质化和分化的发生，而与分类学营业额的变化无关。我们使用有条件的自回归模型，使用集成的嵌套拉普拉斯近似值进行拟合，以确定环境驱动因素和与物种分布有关的因素如何影响物种的空间周转率和功能多样性的变化。功能同质化的测量会影响无效模型的拒绝机会，尽管发生的位置随空间规模而变化，但许多站点显示分类学同质化没有功能同质化。在最小规模上，与温度有关的变量驱动生物分类转换的变化，而功能转换的变化则与生长日数的变化有关。然而，在更大的空间尺度上，功能转换的变化变得更加难以预测。我们的结果强调了分类学和功能同质化的多因素过程，尽管物种组成发生了变化，物种特征的冗余可能使某些地区的生态系统功能得以维持。

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