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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Annals of Botany >Evolution of unusual morphologies in Lentibulariaceae (bladderworts and allies) and Podostemaceae (river-weeds): a pictorial report at the interface of developmental biology and morphological diversification
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Evolution of unusual morphologies in Lentibulariaceae (bladderworts and allies) and Podostemaceae (river-weeds): a pictorial report at the interface of developmental biology and morphological diversification

机译：虎杖科（膀胱草和盟友）和Po科（河流杂草）中异常形态的演变：在发育生物学和形态多样性交界处的图片报道

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>Background Various groups of flowering plants reveal profound (‘saltational’) changes of their bauplans (architectural rules) as compared with related taxa. These plants are known as morphological misfits that appear as rather large morphological deviations from the norm. Some of them emerged as morphological key innovations (perhaps ‘hopeful monsters’) that gave rise to new evolutionary lines of organisms, based on (major) genetic changes.>Scope This pictorial report places emphasis on released bauplans as typical for bladderworts (Utricularia, approx. 230 secies, Lentibulariaceae) and river-weeds (Podostemaceae, three subfamilies, approx. 54 genera, approx. 310 species). Bladderworts (Utricularia) are carnivorous, possessing sucking traps. They live as submerged aquatics (except for their flowers), as humid terrestrials or as epiphytes. Most Podostemaceae are restricted to rocks in tropical river-rapids and waterfalls. They survive as submerged haptophytes in these extreme habitats during the rainy season, emerging with their flowers afterwards. The recent scientific progress in developmental biology and evolutionary history of both Lentibulariaceae and Podostemaceae is summarized.>Conclusions Lentibulariaceae and Podostemaceae follow structural rules that are different from but related to those of more typical flowering plants. The roots, stems and leaves – as still distinguishable in related flowering plants – are blurred (‘fuzzy’). However, both families have stable floral bauplans. The developmental switches to unusual vegetative morphologies facilitated rather than prevented the evolution of species diversity in both families. The lack of one-to-one correspondence between structural categories and gene expression may have arisen from the re-use of existing genetic resources in novel contexts. Understanding what developmental patterns are followed in Lentibulariaceae and Podostemaceae is a necessary prerequisite to discover the genetic alterations that led to the evolution of these atypical plants. Future molecular genetic work on morphological misfits such as bladderworts and river-weeds will provide insight into developmental and evolutionary aspects of more typical vascular plants.
机译：>背景与相关的类群相比，各种开花植物类别都显示了其bauplan（建筑规则）的深刻变化（“盐化”）。这些植物被称为形态失配，表现为与标准相当大的形态偏差。其中一些是作为形态学上的关键创新（也许是“希望的怪物”）出现的，这些创新基于（主要）遗传变化而产生了新的生物进化路线。>范围常见于膀胱草（乌头菌属，约230个科，狼草科）和河草（Podostemaceae，三个亚科，约54属，约310种）。膀胱草（Utricularia）是肉食性的，具有吸吮陷阱。它们作为水生生物（花朵除外），潮湿的陆地或附生植物生活。大多数Po科只限于热带河水和瀑布中的岩石。在雨季期间，它们在这些极端的栖息地中作为淹没的触藻植物生存，随后开花。总结了龙眼草科和Po科的最新发展生物学和进化历史的科学进展。根，茎和叶（在相关的开花植物中仍可区分）模糊（“模糊”）。但是，两个家庭都有稳定的花卉花兰。向不寻常的植物形态转变的发展促进而不是阻止了两个科中物种多样性的演变。结构类别和基因表达之间缺乏一对一的对应关系可能是由于在新的情况下对现有遗传资源的再利用。了解虎杖科和Po科的生长方式是发现导致这些非典型植物进化的遗传变异的必要先决条件。未来关于形态失配（例如百草和河草）的分子遗传学研究将提供对更典型维管植物发育和进化方面的见识。

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