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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Ecology and Evolution >Re‐establishing the pecking order: Niche models reliably predict suitable habitats for the reintroduction of red‐billed oxpeckers
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Re‐establishing the pecking order: Niche models reliably predict suitable habitats for the reintroduction of red‐billed oxpeckers

机译：重新建立啄食顺序：生态位模型可靠地预测了适合重新栖息的红嘴啄木鸟的栖息地

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Distributions of avian mutualists are affected by changes in biotic interactions and environmental conditions driven directly/indirectly by human actions. The range contraction of red‐billed oxpeckers (Buphagus erythrorhynchus) in South Africa is partly a result of the widespread use of acaracides (i.e., mainly cattle dips), toxic to both ticks and oxpeckers. We predicted the habitat suitability of red‐billed oxpeckers in South Africa using ensemble models to assist the ongoing reintroduction efforts and to identify new reintroduction sites for population recovery. The distribution of red‐billed oxpeckers was influenced by moderate to high tree cover, woodland habitats, and starling density (a proxy for cavity‐nesting birds) with regard to nest‐site characteristics. Consumable resources (host and tick density), bioclimate, surface water body density, and proximity to protected areas were other influential predictors. Our models estimated 42,576.88–98,506.98 km2 of highly suitable habitat (0.5–1) covering the majority of Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West, a substantial portion of northern KwaZulu‐Natal (KZN) and the Gauteng Province. Niche models reliably predicted suitable habitat in 40%–61% of the reintroduction sites where breeding is currently successful. Ensemble, boosted regression trees and generalized additive models predicted few suitable areas in the Eastern Cape and south of KZN that are part of the historic range. A few southern areas in the Northern Cape, outside the historic range, also had suitable sites predicted. Our models are a promising decision support tool for guiding reintroduction programs at macroscales. Apart from active reintroductions, conservation programs should encourage farmers and/or landowners to use oxpecker‐compatible agrochemicals and set up adequate nest boxes to facilitate the population recovery of the red‐billed oxpecker, particularly in human‐modified landscapes. To ensure long‐term conservation success, we suggest that the effect of anthropogenic threats on habitat distributions should be investigated prior to embarking on a reintroduction program, as the habitat in the historical range may no longer be viable for current bird populations.
机译：鸟类互惠者的分布受到生物相互作用和人类活动直接/间接驱动的环境条件变化的影响。南非的红嘴啄木鸟（Buphagus erythrorhynchus）的范围缩小部分是由于广泛使用对car和啄木鸟有毒的氨基甲酸（主要是牛粪）。我们使用集合模型预测了南非红嘴啄木鸟的栖息地适宜性，以帮助正在进行的再引入工作并确定新的再引入地点以恢复种群。红嘴啄木鸟的分布受中高树盖，林地栖息地以及鸟巢密度方面的star鸟密度（proxy巢鸟的替代品）的影响。消耗性资源（寄主和tick的密度），生物气候，地表水体的密度以及与保护区的距离也是其他影响因素。我们的模型估算了42,576.88–98,506.98 km 2 非常合适的栖息地（0.5–1），涵盖了林波波，姆普马兰加，西北，北部夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省（KZN）和豪登省的大部分地区。生态位模型可靠地预测了目前育种成功的40％–61％的引种地点的适宜栖息地。集合，增强回归树和广义加性模型预测，在东开普省和KZN南部几乎没有合适的区域，这些区域属于历史范围。北开普省的一些南部地区，在历史范围之外，也有合适的地点可以预测。我们的模型是指导大尺度再引入计划的有前途的决策支持工具。除了积极地重新引进外，保护计划还应鼓励农民和/或土地所有者使用与啄木鸟兼容的农用化学品，并建立适当的巢箱，以促进红嘴啄木鸟的种群恢复，特别是在人为改变的景观中。为确保长期的保护成功，我们建议在着手实施重新引入计划之前，应调查人为威胁对栖息地分布的影响，因为历史范围内的栖息地可能不再适合当前的鸟类种群。

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