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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Ecology and Evolution >Out of Africa: Biogeography and diversification of the pantropical pond skater genus Limnogonus Stål 1868 (Hemiptera: Gerridae)
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Out of Africa: Biogeography and diversification of the pantropical pond skater genus Limnogonus Stål 1868 (Hemiptera: Gerridae)

机译：走出非洲：泛热带池塘滑冰运动员LimnogonusStål的生物地理学和多元化发展1868年（半翅目：Gerridae）

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Gondwanan vicariance, long‐distance dispersal (LDD), and boreotropical migration have been proposed as alternative hypotheses explaining the pantropical distribution pattern of organisms. In this study, the historical biogeography of the pond skater genus Limnogonus was reconstructed to evaluate the impact of biogeographical scenarios in shaping their modern transoceanic disjunction. We sampled almost 65% of recognized Limnogonus species. Four DNA fragments including 69 sequences were used to reconstruct a phylogram. Divergence time was estimated using a Bayesian relaxed clock method and three fossil calibrations. Diversification dynamics and ancestral area reconstruction were investigated by using maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. Our results showed the crown group of Limnogonus originated and diversified in Africa in the early Eocene (49 Ma, HPD: 38–60 Ma), subsequently expanding into other regions via dispersal. The colonization of the New World originated from the Oriental Region probably via the Bering Land Bridge in the late Eocene. Two split events between the Old World and New World were identified: one between Neotropics and Oriental region around the middle Oligocene (30 Ma, HPD: 22–38 Ma), and the other between Neotropics and Africa during the middle Miocene (14 Ma, HPD: 8–21 Ma). The evolutionary history of Limnogonus involved two biogeographical processes. Gondwanan vicariance was not supported in our analyses. The diversification of Limnogonus among Africa, Oriental, and Neotropical regions corresponded with the age of land bridge connection and dispersed as a member associated with the broad boreotropical belt before local cooling (34 Ma). The current transoceanic disjunctions in Limnogonus could be better explained by the disruption of “mixed‐mesophytic” forest be however, the direct transoceanic LDD between the Neotropics and Africa could not be ruled out. In addition, the “LDD” model coupled with island hopping could be a reasonable explanation for the diversification of the Oriental and Australian regions during the Oligocene.
机译：冈瓦纳人的变动，长距离扩散（LDD）和北向迁移已被提出来作为替代假设，解释了生物的全向分布模式。在这项研究中，池塘滑冰属Limnogonus的历史生物地理被重建，以评估生物地理情景在塑造现代跨洋分离中的影响。我们采样了近65％的公认的Limnogonus物种。使用包括69个序列的四个DNA片段重建系统进化图。使用贝叶斯松弛时钟方法和三个化石校准来估计发散时间。利用最大似然法和贝叶斯方法研究了多样性动态和祖先地区重建。我们的结果表明，Limnogonus的冠群起源于始新世早期的非洲（49Ma，HPD：38-60Ma），然后通过扩散扩展到其他地区。新世界的殖民化起源于东方地区，可能是始于始新世晚期的白令陆桥。确定了旧世界与新世界之间的两个分裂事件：一个在新渐新世与中渐新世周围的东方地区之间（30Ma，HPD：22-38Ma），另一次在中新世中新世纪与非洲之间（14Ma， HPD：8-21 Ma）。 Limnogonus的进化历史涉及两个生物地理过程。我们的分析不支持冈瓦纳人的变异。 Limnogonus在非洲，东方和新热带地区之间的多样化与陆桥连接的年龄相对应，并在局部降温（34Ma）之前作为与广泛的北冰洋带相关的成员而分散。 Limnogonus目前的跨洋分离可通过“混合-中生”森林带的破坏来更好地解释。但是，不能排除新热带与非洲之间直接的越洋LDD。此外，“ LDD”模型与跳岛结合可能是渐新世期间东方和澳大利亚地区多样化的合理解释。

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