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Do movement behaviors identify reproductive habitat sampling for wild turkeys?

机译：运动行为是否可以识别野火鸡的繁殖栖息地采样？

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Selection of habitats has regularly been suggested to influence species demography at both local and broad scales. The expectation is that selection behaviors have positive benefits via greater fitness or increased survival. The current paradigm of habitat selection theory suggests a hierarchical process, where an individual first selects where they choose to live (e.g., range) and then searches and selects locations within this range meeting life history needs. Using high‐frequency GPS data collected from reproductively active Rio Grande (n = 21) and Eastern (n = 23) wild turkeys, we evaluated a long‐standing theory for ground‐nesting galliformes, in that movements during the prenesting period are behaviorally focused on sampling available habitats to optimize the selection of nesting sites. Contrary to expectations, we found no evidence that reproductively active females engage in habitat sampling activities. Although most nest sites (>80% for both subspecies) fell within the prenesting range, the average minimum daily distance from nest sites for Rio Grande and Eastern wild turkey females was large [1636.04 m (SE = 1523.96) and 1937.42 m (SE = 1267.84), respectively] whereas the average absolute minimum distance from the nest site for both Rio Grande and Eastern wild turkey females was 166.46 m (SE = 299.34) and 235.01 m (SE = 337.90), respectively, and showed no clear temporal reduction as laying approached. Overall, predicted probability that any female movements before laying were initiated intersected with her nesting range (area used during incubation) was <0.25, indicating little evidence of habitat sampling. Our results suggest that the long‐standing assumption of hierarchical habitat selection by wild turkeys to identify nest sites may be incorrect. As such, habitat selection may not be the proximate driver of nest success and hence population‐level fitness. Rather, based on our results, we suggest that wild turkeys and other ground‐nesting species may be fairly plastic with regard to the selection of reproductive habitats, which is appropriate given the stochasticity of the environments they inhabit.
机译：经常有人建议选择栖息地，以在地方和广泛尺度上影响物种人口统计。期望选择行为可以通过提高适应性或增加生存率而带来积极的好处。当前的栖息地选择理论范式提出了一个分级过程，在此过程中，个人首先选择他们选择居住的地方（例如，范围），然后在该范围内搜索并选择满足生活历史需求的位置。使用从繁殖活跃的里奥格兰德（n = 21）和东部（n = 23）野火鸡收集的高频GPS数据，我们评估了地面嵌套鸡形目虫的长期理论，因为在嵌套阶段的运动以行为为中心对可用栖息地进行采样，以优化筑巢地点的选择。与预期相反，我们没有发现有生殖活跃女性参与栖息地采样活动的证据。尽管大多数筑巢地点（两个亚种均> 80％）都在预定范围内，但里奥格兰德州和东部野火鸡雌鸟的筑巢地点平均每日平均最小距离较大[1636.04 m（SE = 1523.96）和1937.42 m（SE = 1267.84）]，而里奥格兰德和东部野生火鸡雌鸟离巢点的平均绝对最小距离分别为166.46 m（SE = 299.34）和235.01 m（SE = 337.90），并且没有明显的时间减少铺设接近。总体而言，预计在产蛋前任何女性运动开始与产卵范围（孵化期间使用的区域）相交的概率均小于0.25，表明几乎没有证据表明有栖息地采样。我们的研究结果表明，长期以来由野生火鸡选择栖息地以识别巢穴的假设可能是错误的。因此，栖息地的选择可能不是成功筑巢的直接驱动力，因此也不是种群水平适应的直接驱动力。相反，根据我们的结果，我们建议在选择繁殖栖息地方面，野生火鸡和其他地面嵌套物种可能具有相当大的可塑性，考虑到它们所居住的环境的随机性，这是适当的。

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