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Ungulate browsers promote herbaceous layer diversity in logged temperate forests

机译：松散的浏览器可促进温带森林中草本层的多样性

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Ungulates are leading drivers of plant communities worldwide, with impacts linked to animal density, disturbance and vegetation structure, and site productivity. Many ecosystems have more than one ungulate species; however, few studies have specifically examined the combined effects of two or more species on plant communities. We examined the extent to which two ungulate browsers (moose [Alces americanus]) and white‐tailed deer [Odocoileus virginianus]) have additive (compounding) or compensatory (opposing) effects on herbaceous layer composition and diversity, 5–6 years after timber harvest in Massachusetts, USA. We established three combinations of ungulates using two types of fenced exclosures – none (full exclosure), deer (partial exclosure), and deer + moose (control) in six replicated blocks. Species composition diverged among browser treatments, and changes were generally additive. Plant assemblages characteristic of closed canopy forests were less abundant and assemblages characteristic of open/disturbed habitats were more abundant in deer + moose plots compared with ungulate excluded areas. Browsing by deer + moose resulted in greater herbaceous species richness at the plot scale (169 m2) and greater woody species richness at the subplot scale (1 m2) than ungulate exclusion and deer alone. Browsing by deer + moose resulted in strong changes to the composition, structure, and diversity of forest herbaceous layers, relative to areas free of ungulates and areas browed by white‐tailed deer alone. Our results provide evidence that moderate browsing in forest openings can promote both herbaceous and woody plant diversity. These results are consistent with the classic grazing‐species richness curve, but have rarely been documented in forests.
机译：Ungulates是全球植物群落的主要驱动力，其影响与动物密度，干扰和植被结构以及站点生产力相关。许多生态系统中有多个有蹄类动物。但是，很少有研究专门研究两种或多种物种对植物群落的综合影响。我们研究了木材后5-6年，两种有蹄类浏览器（驼鹿[Alces americanus]）和白尾鹿[Odocoileus virginianus]）对草本层组成和多样性的累加（补偿）或补偿（相反）作用的程度。美国马萨诸塞州收获。我们使用六个类型的隔离栅栏来建立有蹄类动物的三种组合-无（完全暴露），鹿（部分暴露）和鹿+驼鹿（对照）。物种组成在浏览器处理之间有所不同，并且变化通常是累加的。与有蹄类动物除外的地区相比，鹿+麋地中封闭的冠层森林的植物组合特征较少，开放/受干扰的栖息地的组合特征更为丰富。鹿+驼鹿的浏览导致该样地尺度上的草本物种丰富度（169m 2 ）和该次样地尺度上的木本物种丰富度（1m 2 ）大于有蹄类排斥和单独的鹿。相对于没有有蹄类动物的区域和仅由白尾鹿繁殖的区域而言，鹿+驼鹿的浏览导致森林草本层的组成，结构和多样性发生了巨大变化。我们的结果提供了证据，表明适度浏览森林开放空间可以促进草本植物和木本植物的多样性。这些结果与经典的放牧物种丰富度曲线是一致的，但是在森林中很少有记载。

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