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Neogene origins and implied warmth tolerance of Amazon tree species

机译:亚马逊树种的新近缘起源和隐含的耐温性

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摘要

Tropical rain forest has been a persistent feature in South America for at least 55 million years. The future of the contemporary Amazon forest is uncertain, however, as the region is entering conditions with no past analogue, combining rapidly increasing air temperatures, high atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, possible extreme droughts, and extensive removal and modification by humans. Given the long-term Cenozoic cooling trend, it is unknown whether Amazon forests can tolerate air temperature increases, with suggestions that lowland forests lack warm-adapted taxa, leading to inevitable species losses. In response to this uncertainty, we posit a simple hypothesis: the older the age of a species prior to the Pleistocene, the warmer the climate it has previously survived, with Pliocene (2.6–5 Ma) and late-Miocene (8–10 Ma) air temperature across Amazonia being similar to 2100 temperature projections under low and high carbon emission scenarios, respectively. Using comparative phylogeographic analyses, we show that 9 of 12 widespread Amazon tree species have Pliocene or earlier lineages (>2.6 Ma), with seven dating from the Miocene (>5.6 Ma) and three >8 Ma. The remarkably old age of these species suggest that Amazon forests passed through warmth similar to 2100 levels and that, in the absence of other major environmental changes, near-term high temperature-induced mass species extinction is unlikely.
机译:至少5500万年来,热带雨林一直是南美的一个永久特征。然而,随着该地区进入无与伦比的气候条件,当代的亚马逊森林的未来是不确定的,这些条件包括迅速升高的气温,高浓度的二氧化碳,可能的极端干旱以及人类的大量清除和改造。考虑到长期的新生代降温趋势,尚不清楚亚马逊森林是否能忍受气温升高,并暗示低地森林缺乏适应气候的分类单元,导致不可避免的物种损失。针对这种不确定性,我们提出一个简单的假设:上新世(2.6-5 Ma)和中新世(8-10 Ma)之前的更新世物种年龄越长,以前生存的气候越温暖。 )在低碳和高碳排放情景下,整个亚马逊地区的气温分别类似于2100年的温度预测。使用比较性的地理学分析,我们显示12种广泛的亚马逊树种中有9种具有上新世或更早的世系(> 2.6 Ma),其中7种来自中新世(> 5.6 Ma)和3种> 8 Ma。这些物种的显着年龄表明,亚马逊森林经历了类似于2100年水平的温暖,并且在没有其他重大环境变化的情况下,近期高温导致的大规模物种灭绝是不可能的。

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