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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Membranes >Biofouling of Polyamide Membranes: Fouling Mechanisms Current Mitigation and Cleaning Strategies and Future Prospects
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Biofouling of Polyamide Membranes: Fouling Mechanisms Current Mitigation and Cleaning Strategies and Future Prospects

机译：聚酰胺膜的生物结垢：结垢机理当前的缓解和清洁策略以及未来前景

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摘要

Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration systems are continuously challenged with biofouling of polyamide membranes that are used almost exclusively for these desalination techniques. Traditionally, pretreatment and reactive membrane cleanings are employed as biofouling control methods. This in-depth review paper discusses the mechanisms of membrane biofouling and effects on performance. Current industrial disinfection techniques are reviewed, including chlorine and other chemical and non-chemical alternatives to chlorine. Operational techniques such as reactive membrane cleaning are also covered. Based on this review, there are three suggested areas of additional research offering promising, polyamide membrane-targeted biofouling minimization that are discussed. One area is membrane modification. Modification using surface coatings with inclusion of various nanoparticles, and graphene oxide within the polymer or membrane matrix, are covered. This work is in the infancy stage and shows promise for minimizing the contributions of current membranes themselves in promoting biofouling, as well as creating oxidant-resistant membranes. Another area of suggested research is chemical disinfectants for possible application directly on the membrane. Likely disinfectants discussed herein include nitric oxide donor compounds, dichloroisocyanurate, and chlorine dioxide. Finally, proactive cleaning, which aims to control the extent of biofouling by cleaning before it negatively affects membrane performance, shows potential for low- to middle-risk systems.
机译：聚酰胺膜的生物结垢不断挑战着反渗透和纳滤系统，这些膜几乎专门用于这些脱盐技术。传统上，预处理和反应性膜清洁被用作生物污染控制方法。这篇深入的综述文章讨论了膜生物污染的机理及其对性能的影响。审查了当前的工业消毒技术，包括氯以及氯的其他化学和非化学替代品。还包括诸如反应性膜清洁的操作技术。基于此综述，对三个额外的研究领域提出了建议，这些领域提供了有希望的，以聚酰胺膜为目标的生物污损最小化的方法。一个领域是膜改性。覆盖了使用包含各种纳米粒子的表面涂层和聚合物或膜基质中的氧化石墨烯进行的改性。这项工作还处于起步阶段，并有望将目前的膜本身在促进生物结垢以及创建抗氧化剂膜方面的作用降到最低。建议研究的另一个领域是化学消毒剂，可直接在膜上使用。本文讨论的消毒剂可能包括一氧化氮供体化合物，二氯异氰脲酸酯和二氧化氯。最后，旨在通过在污染对膜性能产生负面影响之前进行清洁来控制生物结垢程度的主动清洁，显示出了中低风险系统的潜力。

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