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Considerations for an In Vitro Cell-Based Testing Platform for Detection of Drug-Induced Inotropic Effects in Early Drug Development. Part 2: Designing and Fabricating Microsystems for Assaying Cardiac Contractility With Physiological Relevance Using Human iPSC-Cardiomyocytes

机译:考虑用于在早期药物开发中检测药物诱导的肌力作用的体外基于细胞的测试平台。第2部分:设计和制造用于使用人iPSC心肌细胞测定具有生理相关性的心肌收缩力的微系统

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摘要

Contractility of the myocardium engines the pumping function of the heart and is enabled by the collective contractile activity of its muscle cells: cardiomyocytes. The effects of drugs on the contractility of human cardiomyocytes in vitro can provide mechanistic insight that can support the prediction of clinical cardiac drug effects early in drug development. Cardiomyocytes differentiated from human-induced pluripotent stem cells have high potential for overcoming the current limitations of contractility assays because they attach easily to extracellular materials and last long in culture, while having human- and patient-specific properties. Under these conditions, contractility measurements can be non-destructive and minimally invasive, which allow assaying sub-chronic effects of drugs. For this purpose, the function of cardiomyocytes in vitro must reflect physiological settings, which is not observed in cultured cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells because of the fetal-like properties of their contractile machinery. Primary cardiomyocytes or tissues of human origin fully represent physiological cellular properties, but are not easily available, do not last long in culture, and do not attach easily to force sensors or mechanical actuators. Microengineered cellular systems with a more mature contractile function have been developed in the last 5 years to overcome this limitation of stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes, while simultaneously measuring contractile endpoints with integrated force sensors/actuators and image-based techniques. Known effects of engineered microenvironments on the maturity of cardiomyocyte contractility have also been discovered in the development of these systems. Based on these discoveries, we review here design criteria of microengineered platforms of cardiomyocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells for measuring contractility with higher physiological relevance. These criteria involve the use of electromechanical, chemical and morphological cues, co-culture of different cell types, and three-dimensional cellular microenvironments. We further discuss the use and the current challenges for developing and improving these novel technologies for predicting clinical effects of drugs based on contractility measurements with cardiomyocytes differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells. Future research should establish contexts of use in drug development for novel contractility assays with stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes.
机译:心肌的收缩力驱动心脏的泵浦功能,并通过其肌肉细胞(心肌细胞)的集体收缩活动来实现。药物对体外人心肌细胞收缩性的影响可提供机制的见解,可支持在药物开发早期对临床心脏药物作用的预测。与人类诱导的多能干细胞相分化的心肌细胞具有克服当前收缩性测定法局限性的巨大潜力,因为它们易于附着于细胞外物质并在培养过程中持续很长时间,同时具有人类和患者特有的特性。在这些条件下,收缩力测量可以是非破坏性的且微创的,从而可以分析药物的亚慢性作用。为此,心肌细胞的体外功能必须反映生理设置,由于其收缩机制具有胎儿样特性,因此在衍生自诱导性多能干细胞的培养心肌细胞中未观察到这种设置。原发性心肌细胞或人源组织完全代表生理细胞特性,但不容易获得,不能长期持续培养,也不容易附着在力传感器或机械执行器上。在过去的5年中,已经开发出具有更成熟的收缩功能的微工程细胞系统,以克服干细胞衍生的心肌细胞的这一局限性,同时使用集成的力传感器/执行器和基于图像的技术来测量收缩终点。在这些系统的开发中,还发现了工程化微环境对心肌细胞收缩力成熟度的已知影响。基于这些发现,我们在这里回顾了多能干细胞衍生的心肌细胞微工程平台的设计标准,该平台用于测量具有较高生理相关性的收缩力。这些标准涉及机电,化学和形态学线索的使用,不同细胞类型的共培养以及三维细胞微环境。我们进一步讨论了使用和目前的挑战,以开发和改进这些新技术来预测药物的临床效果,该技术基于从诱导性多能干细胞分化而来的心肌细胞的收缩力测量。未来的研究应建立在药物开发中使用干细胞衍生的心肌细胞进行新的收缩性测定的背景。

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