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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Frontiers in Psychiatry >Placebo- and Nocebo-Effects in Cognitive Neuroenhancement: When Expectation Shapes Perception
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Placebo- and Nocebo-Effects in Cognitive Neuroenhancement: When Expectation Shapes Perception

机译：认知神经增强中的安慰剂和诺西波效应：当期望塑造知觉时

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>Objective: The number of students using prescription drugs to improve cognitive performance has increased within the last years. There is first evidence that the expectation to receive a performance-enhancing drug alone can result in improved perceived and actual cognitive performance, suggesting a substantial placebo effect. In addition, expecting a placebo can result in lower perceived and actual cognitive performance, suggesting a nocebo effect. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of these effects remain to be elucidated. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the expectation of receiving a performance-increasing drug or a performance-impairing drug leads to changes in actual and perceived cognitive performance, compared to a control group without expectation manipulation. >Methods: A total of N = 75 healthy adults were recruited for an experiment to “try cognitive performance-modulating drugs.” A participant’s actual cognitive performance (alertness, working memory, sustained attention, and divided attention) using the standardized test of attentional performance (TAP) as well as their performance expectation were assessed. Participants were randomly assigned in equal numbers to either receiving a placebo performance increasing nasal spray (“Modafinil”) or a nocebo performance impairing nasal spray (“Vividrin®”) or no nasal spray (natural history). After placeboocebo nasal spray administration, cognitive performance was reassessed. Subsequent to the second assessment, participants rated their perceived change in cognitive performance, as well as adverse symptoms. >Results: Unlike hypothesized, a positive or negative performance expectation did not result in changes in actual performance, corresponding to the induced expectation. Participants in the placebo-Modafinil group rated their perceived change in cognitive performance subsequent to the application of the nasal spray significantly better (d = 1.16) compared to the nocebo-Vividrin® group. Additionally, participants who expected to receive Modafinil felt less tired than participants in the Vividrin® group (d = 0.96). >Conclusion: Manipulation of performance expectation affects the perceived change in performance and tiredness, but not the actual cognitive performance in healthy adults. This may explain why college students use such drugs despite their little impact on actual cognitive functioning.
机译：>目标：在过去几年中，使用处方药改善认知能力的学生人数有所增加。最初有证据表明，仅接受性能增强药物的期望可以导致感知和实际认知性能的改善，这表明了安慰剂的作用。另外，期待安慰剂会导致较低的感知和实际认知表现，提示出现Nocebo效应。然而，这些作用的潜在机制仍有待阐明。我们的研究目的是调查与没有预期操作的对照组相比，接受提高性能的药物或降低性能的药物的期望是否会导致实际和感知的认知能力的变化。 >方法：总共招募了75位健康的成年人进行“尝试调节认知功能的药物”的实验。使用注意力表现（TAP）的标准化测试以及他们的表现期望，评估了参与者的实际认知表现（警觉性，工作记忆，持续注意力和分散注意力）。参与者被随机分配给相同数量的患者，要么接受安慰剂性能增强的鼻喷雾剂（“莫达非尼”），要么接受损害Nocebo性能的鼻喷雾剂（“ Vividrin ®”），或者不接受鼻喷雾剂（自然病史）。安慰剂/ nocebo鼻喷雾剂给药后，重新评估认知能力。在第二次评估之后，参与者对他们认知能力的变化以及不良症状进行了评分。 >结果：与假设不同，积极或消极的绩效期望不会导致实际绩效发生变化，这与诱导的期望相对应。与nocebo-Vividrin ®组相比，安慰剂-莫达非尼组的参与者对他们在喷鼻剂后认知能力的感知变化进行了评估（d = 1.16）。此外，预期要接受莫达非尼的参与者比Vividrin ®组的参与者感到疲劳（d = 0.96）。 >结论：对表现预期的操纵会影响健康成年人的感知表现变化和疲倦，但不会影响其实际认知表现。这可以解释为什么大学生尽管对实际认知功能影响很小，却仍使用此类药物。

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