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A 30-year journey from volume-regulated anion currents to molecular structure of the LRRC8 channel

机译:从体积调节的阴离子电流到LRRC8通道分子结构的30年历程

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摘要

The swelling-activated anion channel VRAC has fascinated and frustrated physiologists since it was first described in 1988. Multiple laboratories have defined VRAC’s biophysical properties and have shown that it plays a central role in cell volume regulation and possibly other fundamental physiological processes. However, confusion and intense controversy surrounding the channel’s molecular identity greatly hindered progress in the field for >15 yr. A major breakthrough came in 2014 with the demonstration that VRAC is a heteromeric channel encoded by five members of the Lrrc8 gene family, Lrrc8A–E. A mere 4 yr later, four laboratories described cryo-EM structures of LRRC8A homomeric channels. As the melee of structure/function and physiology studies begins, it is critical that this work be framed by a clear understanding of VRAC biophysics, regulation, and cellular physiology as well as by the field’s past confusion and controversies. That understanding is essential for the design and interpretation of structure/function studies, studies of VRAC physiology, and studies aimed at addressing the vexing problem of how the channel detects cell volume changes. In this review we discuss key aspects of VRAC biophysics, regulation, and function and integrate these into our emerging understanding of LRRC8 protein structure/function.
机译:自1988年首次描述以来,溶胀活化的阴离子通道VRAC就使生理学家着迷和沮丧。多个实验室已经定义了VRAC的生物物理特性,并表明它在细胞体积调节以及可能的其他基本生理过程中起着核心作用。但是,围绕该通道分子身份的混乱和激烈争议极大地阻碍了该领域在超过15年的进展。 2014年取得了重大突破,证明了VRAC是由Lrrc8基因家族的五个成员Lrrc8A–E编码的异聚通道。仅仅4年后,四个实验室描述了LRRC8A同质通道的冷冻电磁结构。在开始进行结构/功能和生理学研究的混战时,至关重要的是,这项工作必须以对VRAC生物物理学,调控和细胞生理学的清晰理解以及该领域过去的困惑和争议为框架。这种理解对于结构/功能研究,VRAC生理学研究以及旨在解决通道如何检测细胞体积变化的棘手问题的设计和解释至关重要。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了VRAC生物物理学,调控和功能的关键方面,并将其整合到我们对LRRC8蛋白质结构/功能的新兴理解中。

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