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Evaluating Weaknesses of Perceptual-Cognitive Training and Brain Training Methods in Sport: An Ecological Dynamics Critique

机译：评价运动中知觉-认知训练和大脑训练方法的弱点：生态动力学评论

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The recent upsurge in “brain training and perceptual-cognitive training,” proposing to improve isolated processes, such as brain function, visual perception, and decision-making, has created significant interest in elite sports practitioners, seeking to create an “edge” for athletes. The claims of these related “performance-enhancing industries” can be considered together as part of a process training approach proposing enhanced cognitive and perceptual skills and brain capacity to support performance in everyday life activities, including sport. For example, the “process training industry” promotes the idea that playing games not only makes you a better player but also makes you smarter, more alert, and a faster learner. In this position paper, we critically evaluate the effectiveness of both types of process training programmes in generalizing transfer to sport performance. These issues are addressed in three stages. First, we evaluate empirical evidence in support of perceptual-cognitive process training and its application to enhancing sport performance. Second, we critically review putative modularized mechanisms underpinning this kind of training, addressing limitations and subsequent problems. Specifically, we consider merits of this highly specific form of training, which focuses on training of isolated processes such as cognitive processes (attention, memory, thinking) and visual perception processes, separately from performance behaviors and actions. We conclude that these approaches may, at best, provide some “general transfer” of underlying processes to specific sport environments, but lack “specificity of transfer” to contextualize actual performance behaviors. A major weakness of process training methods is their focus on enhancing the performance in body “modules” (e.g., eye, brain, memory, anticipatory sub-systems). What is lacking is evidence on how these isolated components are modified and subsequently interact with other process “modules,” which are considered to underlie sport performance. Finally, we propose how an ecological dynamics approach, aligned with an embodied framework of cognition undermines the rationale that modularized processes can enhance performance in competitive sport. An ecological dynamics perspective proposes that the body is a complex adaptive system, interacting with performance environments in a functionally integrated manner, emphasizing that the inter-relation between motor processes, cognitive and perceptual functions, and the constraints of a sport task is best understood at the performer-environment scale of analysis.
机译：近期提出的“脑训练和知觉-认知训练”热潮旨在改善孤立的过程，例如大脑功能，视觉感知和决策制定，这引起了精英体育从业者的极大兴趣，他们试图为运动员创造一个“优势”。运动员。这些相关的“绩效提升型产业”的主张可以作为过程培训方法的一部分加以考虑，该过程提出了增强的认知和感知技能以及大脑能力，以支持包括体育运动在内的日常生活活动中的绩效。例如，“过程培训行业”提倡一种想法，即玩游戏不仅可以使您成为更好的玩家，而且可以使您变得更聪明，更机敏并且学习速度更快。在本立场文件中，我们将严格评估两种类型的过程培训计划在普遍转移至运动成绩方面的有效性。这些问题分三个阶段解决。首先，我们评估经验证据，以支持知觉-认知过程训练及其在增强运动表现方面的应用。其次，我们严格审查假定的模块化机制，以支持这种培训，解决局限性和后续问题。具体而言，我们考虑这种高度特定的培训形式的优点，该形式侧重于对孤立的过程（例如认知过程（注意力，记忆，思维）和视觉感知过程）进行培训，与表现行为和行为分开进行。我们得出的结论是，这些方法充其量最多只能将基础过程进行“一般转移”到特定的运动环境，但是缺乏“转移的特异性”来将实际的表演行为情境化。过程训练方法的一个主要弱点是它们专注于增强身体“模块”（例如，眼睛，大脑，记忆，预期子系统）的性能。缺乏关于如何修改这些孤立的组件并随后与其他过程“模块”相互作用的证据，这些模块被认为是运动表现的基础。最后，我们提出生态动力学方法与认知的具体体现相辅相成，如何破坏模块化过程可以提高竞技体育表现的基本原理。生态动力学的观点认为，身体是一个复杂的适应性系统，以功能集成的方式与表演环境互动，强调应从以下方面最好地理解运动过程，认知和感知功能以及运动任务的约束之间的相互关系。表演者-环境分析量表。

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