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Mobile money and branchless banking regulations affecting cash-in cash-out networks in low- and middle-income countries

机译：移动货币和无网点银行法规影响中低收入国家的现金入账和提款网络

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>Background: We examined recent trends in mobile money and branchless banking regulations related to cash-in, cash-out (CICO) networks (physical access points allowing users to exchange physical cash and electronic money) in low- and middle-income countries, and reviewed evidence on the impacts of CICO regulations on markets and financial inclusion.  >Methods: Regulation and literature searches began in August 2017 and concluded in June 2018. For the regulatory search we compiled an original database of regulations targeting CICO networks in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, Pakistan, Tanzania, and Uganda. To review evidence of impacts of regulations we conducted additional global searches on Scopus, Google Scholar, and Google using keywords for specific regulatory approaches (e.g., regulation of CICO agents) or hypothesized impacts (e.g., financial inclusion). >Results: The resulting database of CICO regulations in the eight focus countries includes 127 regulatory documents, which we coded for four groups of regulations, namely: Business Channel Requirements; Agent Requirements; Regulations on Caps, Fees and Charges; and Customer Identification Requirements. Early CICO regulations focused on agent selection rules, limits on fees, and know-your-customer requirements. More recent waves of regulation have expanded or restricted services CICO agents provide, and also imposed reporting requirements on service providers in an effort to prevent fraud or enhance financial inclusion. Our search for evidence of impacts of CICO regulations resulted in a sample of 90 documents published since 2005, of which only 31 provided evidence on CICO regulation impacts, with most limited in scope—suggesting rigorous policy analysis remains lacking in this quickly expanding sector. >Conclusions: Many low- and middle-income countries have introduced regulations that may affect CICO networks, with regulatory approaches differing across geographies and over time. While anecdotal reports of regulatory impacts exist, we found limited evidence of impacts of regulations on CICO networks or on CICO-related financial inclusion.
机译：>背景：我们研究了移动货币和无网点银行法规的最新趋势，这些趋势与低收入的现金入账，出款（CICO）网络（允许用户交换实物现金和电子货币的物理访问点）有关和中等收入国家，并审查了有关CICO法规对市场和金融包容性影响的证据。 >方法：法规和文献搜索始于2017年8月，于2018年6月结束。对于法规搜索，我们针对孟加拉，印度，印度尼西亚，肯尼亚，尼日利亚，巴基斯坦，坦桑尼亚和乌干达。为了查看法规影响的证据，我们针对特定的法规方法（例如CICO代理商的法规）或假设的影响（例如金融普惠）对Scopus，Google Scholar和Google进行了额外的全球搜索。 >结果：在八个重点国家/地区中生成的CICO法规数据库包含127个法规文档，我们为四组法规编码，即：业务渠道要求；代理商要求；限额，费用和收费规定；和客户标识要求。早期的CICO法规侧重于代理商选择规则，费用限制和了解您的客户要求。最近的监管浪潮扩大或限制了CICO代理提供的服务，并且还对服务提供商施加了报告要求，以防止欺诈或增强财务包容性。自2005年以来，我们对CICO法规影响的证据进行了搜索，最终获得了90份文件的样本，其中只有31篇提供了有关CICO法规影响的证据，范围最为有限-在这个快速发展的行业中仍然缺乏严格的政策分析建议。 >结论：许多低收入和中等收入国家已经出台了可能影响CICO网络的法规，其法规方法随地区和时间的不同而不同。尽管存在有关监管影响的传闻，但我们发现有关监管对CICO网络或与CICO相关的金融包容性影响的证据有限。

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