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Coffee Somatic Embryogenesis: How Did Research Experience Gained and Innovations Promote the Commercial Propagation of Elite Clones From the Two Cultivated Species?

机译：咖啡的体细胞胚发生：研究经验和创新如何促进两种栽培物种的优良克隆的商业繁殖？

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Since the 1990s, somatic embryogenesis (SE) has enabled the propagation of selected varieties, Arabica F1 hybrid and Robusta clones, originating from the two cultivated coffee species, Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora, respectively. This paper shows how mostly empirical research has led to successful industrial transfers launched in the 2000s in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Coffee SE can be considered as a model for other woody perennial crops for the following reasons: (i) a high biological efficiency has been demonstrated for propagated varieties at all developmental stages, and (ii) somaclonal variation is understood and mastered thanks to intensive research combining molecular markers and field observations. Coffee SE is also a useful model given the strong economic constraints that are specific to this species. In brief, SE faced four difficulties: (i) the high cost of SE derived plants compared to the cost of seedlings of conventional varieties, (ii) the logistic problems involved in reaching small-scale coffee growers, (iii) the need for certification, and (iv) the lack of solvency among small-scale producers. Nursery activities were professionalized by introducing varietal certification, quality control with regard to horticultural problems and somaclonal variation, and sanitary control for Xylella fastidiosa. In addition, different technology transfers were made to ensure worldwide dissemination of improved F1 Arabica hybrids and Robusta clones. Innovations have been decisive for successful scaling-up and reduction of production costs, such as the development of temporary immersion bioreactors for the mass production of pre-germinated embryos, their direct sowing on horticultural soil, and the propagation of rejuvenated SE plants by rooted mini-cuttings. Today, SE is a powerful tool that is widely used in coffee for biotechnological applications including propagation and genetic transformation. Basic research has recently started taking advantage of optimized SE protocols. Based on -omics methodologies, research aims to decipher the molecular events involved in the key developmental switches of coffee SE. In parallel, a high-throughput screening of active molecules on SE appears to be a promising tool to speed-up the optimization of SE protocols.
机译：自1990年代以来，体细胞胚发生（SE）使得特定品种阿拉比卡F1杂种和罗布斯塔无性系的繁殖得以实现，这些品种分别来自两种种植的咖啡品种：阿拉伯咖啡和卡菲拉咖啡。本文展示了经验研究在多大程度上促成了2000年代在拉丁美洲，非洲和亚洲成功进行的产业转移。可以将咖啡SE视为其他多年生木本作物的模型，其原因如下：（i）在所有发育阶段均已证明繁殖品种具有很高的生物效率，并且（ii）通过深入研究可以理解和掌握体细胞克隆变异结合分子标记和现场观察。鉴于特定于该物种的强大经济限制，Coffee SE还是一个有用的模型。简而言之，SE面临四个困难：（i）SE衍生植物的成本比常规品种的幼苗的成本高；（ii）接触小规模咖啡种植者所涉及的物流问题；（iii）认证的需求（iv）小规模生产者缺乏偿付能力。通过引入品种认证，针对园艺问题和体细胞无性繁殖的质量控制以及对小木耳的卫生控制，对苗圃活动进行了专业化。此外，还进行了不同的技术转让，以确保改进的F1阿拉比卡杂种和Robusta克隆在世界范围内传播。创新对于成功扩大规模和降低生产成本具有决定性的作用，例如开发用于临时萌发的胚的大规模生产的临时浸没式生物反应器，将它们直接播种在园艺土壤上以及通过生根的微型繁殖繁殖再生的SE植物-切割。如今，SE是一种功能强大的工具，已广泛用于咖啡的生物技术应用（包括繁殖和遗传转化）中。基础研究最近开始利用优化的SE协议。基于组学方法论，研究旨在破译咖啡SE关键发展转换中涉及的分子事件。同时，对SE上的活性分子进行高通量筛选似乎是加速SE方案优化的有前途的工具。

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