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Metagenomics Reveals Microbial Diversity and Metabolic Potentials of Seawater and Surface Sediment From a Hadal Biosphere at the Yap Trench

机译：元基因组学揭示了雅浦海沟哈德生物圈中海水和表面沉积物的微生物多样性和代谢潜能。

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Hadal biosphere represents the deepest part of the ocean with water depth >6,000 m. Accumulating evidence suggests the existence of unique microbial communities dominated by heterotrophic processes in this environment. However, investigations of the microbial diversity and their metabolic potentials are limited because of technical constraints for sample collection. Here, we provide a detailed metagenomic analysis of three seawater samples at water depths 5,000–6,000 m below sea level (mbsl) and three surface sediment samples at water depths 4,435–6,578 mbsl at the Yap Trench of the western Pacific. Distinct microbial community compositions were observed with the dominance of Gammaproteobacteria in seawater and Thaumarchaeota in surface sediment. Comparative analysis of the genes involved in carbon, nitrogen and sulfur metabolisms revealed that heterotrophic processes (i.e., degradation of carbohydrates, hydrocarbons, and aromatics) are the most common microbial metabolisms in the seawater, while chemolithoautotrophic metabolisms such as ammonia oxidation with the HP/HB cycle for CO2 fixation probably dominated the surface sediment communities of the Yap Trench. Furthermore, abundant genes involved in stress response and metal resistance were both detected in the seawater and sediments, thus the enrichment of metal resistance genes is further hypothesized to be characteristic of the hadal microbial communities. Overall, this study sheds light on the metabolic versatility of microorganisms in the Yap Trench, their roles in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur biogeochemical cycles, and how they have adapted to this unique hadal environment.
机译：Hadal生物圈代表海洋最深的部分，水深> 6,000 m。越来越多的证据表明，在这种环境下，存在着以异养过程为主的独特微生物群落。然而，由于样品采集的技术限制，对微生物多样性及其代谢潜力的研究受到限制。在这里，我们对西太平洋Yap海沟的三个海水样品（低于海平面5,000–6,000 m（mbsl））和三个表面沉积物样品（针对水深4,435–6,578 mbsl）进行了详细的宏基因组分析。观察到不同的微生物群落组成，其中海水中γ-变形杆菌占优势，而表层沉积物中的细菌则占主导地位。对涉及碳，氮和硫代谢的基因的比较分析表明，异养过程（即碳水化合物，碳氢化合物和芳香族化合物的降解）是海水中最常见的微生物代谢，而化石自养代谢例如氨氧化被HP /固定CO2的HB循环可能主导了Yap海沟的表面沉积物群落。此外，在海水和沉积物中都检测到了与胁迫响应和金属抗性有关的丰富基因，因此，进一步假设金属抗性基因的富集是旱生微生物群落的特征。总体而言，这项研究揭示了Yap海沟中微生物的代谢多功能性，它们在碳，氮和硫生物地球化学循环中的作用，以及它们如何适应这种独特的干旱环境。

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