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Perspective: Spectrin-Like Repeats in Dystrophin Have Unique Binding Preferences for Syntrophin Adaptors That Explain the Mystery of How nNOSμ Localizes to the Sarcolemma

机译:透视图:肌营养不良蛋白中类似血影蛋白的重复序列具有对于Syntrophin衔接子独特的结合偏好这说明了nNOSμ如何定位于肉瘤的谜团

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摘要

Dystrophin is a massive multi-domain protein composed of specialized amino and carboxyl termini that are separated by 24 spectrin-like repeats. Dystrophin performs critical structural and signaling roles that are indispensable for the functional integrity of skeletal muscle. Indeed, the loss of dystrophin protein expression causes the muscle wasting disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Substantial progress has been made in defining the functions of the domains of dystrophin, which has proven invaluable for the development of miniaturized dystrophin gene and exon skipping therapies for DMD. However, a long-standing mystery regarding dystrophin function is how dystrophin, and its adaptor and neuronal nitric oxide synthase mu (nNOSμ) binding partner α-syntrophin, cooperate to localize nNOSμ to the sarcolemma. Only when localized to the sarcolemma can nNOSμ override sympathetic vasoconstriction and prevent functional ischemia in contracting muscles. Current evidence suggests that spectrin-like repeat 17 of dystrophin and α-syntrophin cooperate to localize nNOSμ to the sarcolemma. However, the exact mechanism remains unclear and controversial because of equivocal evidence for direct binding of dystrophin and nNOSμ. Recently, an important study identified a novel α-syntrophin binding site within spectrin-like repeat 17, leading to a new model whereby α-syntrophin recruits nNOSμ to the sarcolemmal dystrophin complex by binding spectrin-like repeat 17. This model finally appears to solve the mystery of the dual requirement for dystrophin and α-syntrophin for sarcolemmal nNOSμ localization. The aim of the current perspective is to highlight this major advance in understanding of dystrophin’s role in localizing nNOSμ and its implications for current trials.
机译:肌营养不良蛋白是一种大规模的多结构域蛋白,由专门的氨基和羧基末端组成,被24个血影蛋白样重复序列分隔开。抗肌萎缩蛋白发挥关键的结构和信号传导作用,这对于骨骼肌的功能完整性是必不可少的。实际上,肌营养不良蛋白蛋白表达的缺失会导致肌肉萎缩性疾病,杜氏肌营养不良症(DMD)。在定义肌营养不良蛋白的功能域方面已取得了实质性进展,这已证明对于开发小型化的肌营养不良蛋白基因和DMD外显子跳过疗法具有不可估量的价值。然而,关于肌营养不良蛋白功能的一个长期谜团是肌营养不良蛋白及其结合物和神经元一氧化氮合酶mu(nNOSμ)结合伴侣α-syntrophin如何协作将nNOSμ定位于肌膜。仅当定位在肌膜上时,nNOSμ才能克服交感性血管收缩并防止收缩肌肉中的功能性缺血。目前的证据表明,肌营养不良蛋白和α-突触核蛋白的血影蛋白样重复序列17协同将nNOSμ定位于肌膜。然而,由于肌营养不良蛋白和nNOSμ的直接结合的确切证据,确切的机制仍不清楚和有争议。最近,一项重要的研究在血影蛋白样重复序列17中发现了一个新的α-syntrophin结合位点,从而形成了一种新模型,其中α-syntrophin通过结合血影蛋白样重复序列17将nNOSμ募集到肌膜肌营养不良蛋白复合体中。肌营养不良的nNOSμ定位对肌营养不良蛋白和α-突触核蛋白的双重要求的奥秘。当前观点的目的是强调在理解肌营养不良蛋白在nNOSμ定位中的作用及其对当前试验的意义方面的重大进展。

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