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Molecular Characterization and Stress Tolerance Evaluation of New Allotetraploid Somatic Hybrids Between Carrizo Citrange and Citrus macrophylla W. rootstocks

机译：Carrizo Citrange和柑橘柑橘砧木之间的新异源四倍体体细胞杂种的分子特性和耐胁迫性评估

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Polyploidy is one of the main forces that drives the evolution of plants and provides great advantages for breeding. Somatic hybridization by protoplast fusion is used in citrus breeding programs. This method allows combining the whole parental genomes in a single genotype, adding complementary dominant characters, regardless of parental heterozygosity. It also contributes to surpass limitations imposed by reproductive biology and quickly generates progenies that combine the required traits. Two allotetraploid somatic hybrids recovered from the citrus rootstocks—Citrus macrophylla (CM) and Carrizo citrange (CC)—were characterized for morphology, genome composition using molecular markers (SNP, SSR, and InDel), and their tolerance to iron chlorosis, salinity, and Citrus tristeza virus (CTV). Both hybrids combine the whole parental genomes even though the loss of parental alleles was detected in most linkage groups. Mitochondrial genome was inherited from CM in both the hybrids, whereas recombination was observed for chloroplastic genome. Thus, somatic hybrids differ from each other in their genome composition, indicating that losses and rearrangements occurred during the fusion process. Both inherited the tolerance to stem pitting caused by CTV from CC, are tolerant to iron chlorosis such as CM, and have a higher tolerance to salinity than the sensitive CC. These hybrids have potential as improved rootstocks to grow citrus in areas with calcareous and saline soils where CTV is present, such as the Mediterranean region. The provided knowledge on the effects of somatic hybridization on the genome composition, anatomy, and physiology of citrus rootstocks will be key for breeding programs that aim to address current and future needs of the citrus industry.
机译：多倍性是驱动植物进化并为育种提供巨大优势的主要力量之一。通过原生质体融合的体细胞杂交被用于柑橘育种程序。这种方法允许将整个亲本基因组合并为一个单一基因型，添加互补的显性特征，而与亲本杂合性无关​​。它还有助于超越生殖生物学的局限性，并迅速产生结合所需性状的后代。从柑橘砧木中回收的两个异源四倍体体细胞杂种（大柑橘（Citrus macrophylla，CM）和柑桔橙（Carrizo citrange，CC））通过分子标记（SNP，SSR和InDel）表征形态，基因组组成，以及对铁萎黄病，盐度，和柑橘特里斯泰萨病毒（CTV）。即使在大多数连锁组中检测到父母等位基因的缺失，这两个杂种也会结合整个父母亲基因组。在这两个杂种中，线粒体基因组均从CM遗传，而叶绿体基因组则观察到重组。因此，体细胞杂种的基因组组成彼此不同，表明在融合过程中发生了损失和重排。两者都继承了CC的CTV引起的对茎点锈病的耐受性，对诸如CM之类的铁质萎黄病具有耐受性，并且对盐分的耐受性高于敏感的CC。这些杂种具有改良的砧木潜力，可以在存在CTV的钙质和盐渍土壤区域（例如地中海地区）种植柑橘。提供的有关体细胞杂交对柑橘砧木基因组组成，解剖结构和生理学影响的知识，对于旨在解决柑橘产业当前和未来需求的育种计划至关重要。

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