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Engineered nanoparticles interact with nutrients to intensify eutrophication in a wetland ecosystem experiment

机译：工程化的纳米颗粒与养分相互作用在湿地生态系统实验中增强了富营养化

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Despite the rapid rise in diversity and quantities of engineered nanomaterials produced, the impacts of these emerging contaminants on the structure and function of ecosystems have received little attention from ecologists. Moreover, little is known on how manufactured nanomaterials may interact with nutrient pollution in altering ecosystem productivity, despite the recognition that eutrophication is the primary water quality issue in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. In this study, we asked two main questions: (1) To what extent do manufactured nanoparticles affect the biomass and productivity of primary producers in wetland ecosystems? (2) How are these impacts mediated by nutrient pollution? To address these questions, we examined the impacts of a citrate-coated gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) and of a commercial pesticide containing Cu(OH)2 nanoparticles (CuNPs) on aquatic primary producers under both ambient and enriched nutrient conditions. Wetland mesocosms were exposed repeatedly with low concentrations of nanoparticles and nutrients over the course of a 9-month experiment, in an effort to replicate realistic field exposure scenarios.In the absence of nutrient enrichment, there were no persistent effects of AuNPs or CuNPs on primary producers or ecosystem productivity. However, when combined with nutrient enrichment, both NPs intensified eutrophication. When either of these NPs were added in combination with nutrients, algal blooms persisted for >50 days longer than in the nutrient only treatment. In the AuNP treatment, this shift from clear waters to turbid waters led to large declines in both macrophyte growth and rates of ecosystem gross primary productivity (average reduction of 52 ± 6% and 92 ± 5%, respectively) during the summer. Our results suggest that nutrient status greatly influences the ecosystem-scale impact of two emerging contaminants, and that synthetic chemicals may be playing an under-appreciated role in the global trends of increasing eutrophication. We provide evidence here that chronic exposure to Au and Cu(OH)2 nanoparticles at low concentrations can intensify eutrophication of wetlands and promote the occurrence of algal blooms.
机译：尽管生产的工程纳米材料的多样性和数量迅速增加，但这些新兴污染物对生态系统的结构和功能的影响几乎没有受到生态学家的关注。此外，尽管人们认识到富营养化是全球淡水生态系统中主要的水质问题，但对人造纳米材料如何与营养物污染相互作用以改变生态系统生产力知之甚少。在这项研究中，我们提出了两个主要问题：（1）人造纳米颗粒在多大程度上影响湿地生态系统中初级生产者的生物量和生产力？ （2）这些影响如何通过营养污染来调节？为了解决这些问题，我们研究了在环境和富营养条件下，柠檬酸盐包覆的金纳米颗粒（AuNPs）和含有Cu（OH）2纳米颗粒（CuNPs）的商业农药对水生初级生产者的影响。在为期9个月的实验过程中，反复使用低浓度的纳米颗粒和养分来暴露湿地中观，以复制现实的野外暴露场景。在缺乏养分富集的情况下，AuNPs或CuNPs对初生植物没有持久的影响生产者或生态系统生产力。但是，当与营养素富集结合时，两个NP都会富营养化。当将这些NP中的任何一个与营养素一起添加时，藻华持续时间比仅营养素处理持续50天以上。在AuNP处理中，这种从清水到浑水的转变导致夏季大型植物的生长和生态系统总初级生产力的比率大幅下降（分别平均下降52±6％和92±5％）。我们的结果表明，营养状况极大地影响了两种新兴污染物对生态系统的影响，而合成化学物质在全球富营养化趋势中的作用可能不足。我们在这里提供证据表明，长期暴露于低浓度的Au和Cu（OH）2纳米颗粒会加剧湿地的富营养化并促进藻华的发生。

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