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Roles of Impulsivity Motivation and Emotion Regulation in Procrastination – Path Analysis and Comparison Between Students and Non-students

机译：冲动动机和情绪调节在拖延中的作用-学生与非学生之间的路径分析和比较

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Procrastination – an irrational delay of intended actions despite expecting to be worse off – is a complex and non-homogenous phenomenon. Previous studies have found a number of correlates of procrastination, some of which seem to be particularly important. Impulsivity is closely connected to procrastination on behavioral, genetic, and neuronal levels. Difficulties in emotion regulation have also been shown to be strongly related to procrastination. Procrastination can also be considered as a motivation-based problem. To try to disentangle the connections of impulsivity, emotion regulation, and motivation to procrastination we collected data from over 600 subjects using multiple questionnaires (PPS – Pure Procrastination Scale; UPPSP – Impulsive Behavior Scale, ERQ – Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and MDT – Motivational Diagnostic Test). Structural equation modeling was performed to test several possible relationships between the measured variables. The effects of student status and age have also been investigated. The final path model was a directional model based on six explanatory variables and accounted for 70% of the variance in procrastination. Path analysis revealed that the strongest contributions to procrastination came from lack of value, delay discounting, and lack of perseverance, suggesting the involvement of motivation and impulsivity. The model also revealed the moderating role of expressive suppression between several aspects of impulsivity and procrastination. Close inspection of the paths’ weights suggests that there may be two partly competing strategies for dealing with impulsivity and negative emotions: either to suppress emotions and impulsive reactions or to react impulsively, discarding previous plans, and to procrastinate. Path invariance analysis showed the significant moderating roles of student status and age. Both in non-students and high-age groups, the path leading from suppression to procrastination was insignificant. This suggests that caution should be used in generalizing the results of studies carried out on students. These results support previous findings that procrastination may serve as a short-term mood regulation strategy. However, as the spectrum of the emotion regulation strategies included in the study was very limited, we conclude that future studies should seek more insight into the relationship between emotion regulation, self-control, and procrastination.
机译：拖延症是预期的行为，尽管预期会恶化，但仍会不合理地拖延时间，是一种复杂且不均一的现象。先前的研究已经发现了许多拖延症的相关因素，其中一些似乎特别重要。冲动与行为，遗传和神经元水平的拖延密切相关。情绪调节方面的困难也已被证明与拖延密切相关。拖延症也可以被认为是基于动机的问题。为了弄清冲动性，情绪调节和拖延动机之间的联系，我们使用了多个问卷调查表（PPS –纯粹拖延量表； UPPSP –冲动行为量表，ERQ –情绪调节问卷和MDT –动机诊断测试）收集了600多个受试者的数据。 ）。执行结构方程建模以测试测量变量之间的几种可能关系。还研究了学生身份和年龄的影响。最终路径模型是基于六个解释变量的定向模型，占拖延变化的70％。路径分析显示，拖延最主要的原因是缺乏价值，延迟打折和缺乏毅力，这表明动机和冲动的参与。该模型还揭示了冲动和拖延的多个方面之间表达抑制的调节作用。仔细检查路径的权重，可以发现在处理冲动性和负面情绪时，可能存在两种部分竞争的策略：抑制情绪和冲动反应或冲动性反应，放弃先前的计划并拖延。路径不变性分析显示了学生状态和年龄的重要调节作用。无论是非学生群体还是高龄群体，从压抑到拖延的路径都是微不足道的。这表明在对学生进行的学习结果的归纳中应谨慎行事。这些结果支持以前的发现，即拖延可以作为一种短期情绪调节策略。但是，由于这项研究中涉及的情绪调节策略的范围非常有限，因此我们得出结论，未来的研究应该寻求更多关于情绪调节，自我控制和拖延之间关系的见识。

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