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Fake News or Weak Science? Visibility and Characterization of Antivaccine Webpages Returned by Google in Different Languages and Countries

机译：假新闻还是弱科学？ Google以不同语言和国家/地区返回的反疫苗网页的可见性和特征

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The 1998 Lancet paper by Wakefield et al., despite subsequent retraction and evidence indicating no causal link between vaccinations and autism, triggered significant parental concern. The aim of this study was to analyze the online information available on this topic. Using localized versions of Google, we searched “autism vaccine” in English, French, Italian, Portuguese, Mandarin, and Arabic and analyzed 200 websites for each search engine result page (SERP). A common feature was the newsworthiness of the topic, with news outlets representing 25–50% of the SERP, followed by unaffiliated websites (blogs, social media) that represented 27–41% and included most of the vaccine-negative websites. Between 12 and 24% of websites had a negative stance on vaccines, while most websites were pro-vaccine (43–70%). However, their ranking by Google varied. While in , the first vaccine-negative website was the 43rd in the SERP, there was one vaccine-negative webpage in the top 10 websites in both the British and Australian localized versions and in French and two in Italian, Portuguese, and Mandarin, suggesting that the information quality algorithm used by Google may work better in English. Many webpages mentioned celebrities in the context of the link between vaccines and autism, with Donald Trump most frequently. Few websites (1–5%) promoted complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) but 50–100% of these were also vaccine-negative suggesting that CAM users are more exposed to vaccine-negative information. This analysis highlights the need for monitoring the web for information impacting on vaccine uptake.
机译：Wakefield等人在1998年发表的Lancet论文中，尽管随后撤消了证据，并表明疫苗接种与自闭症之间没有因果关系，但引发了父母的重大关注。这项研究的目的是分析有关此主题的在线信息。使用Google的本地化版本，我们以英语，法语，意大利语，葡萄牙语，普通话和阿拉伯语搜索“自闭症疫苗”，并针对每个搜索引擎结果页面（SERP）分析了200个网站。一个共同的特点是该主题的新闻价值，新闻媒体占SERP的25％至50％，其次是非附属网站（博客，社交媒体），占27％至41％，其中包括大部分疫苗阴性网站。 12％至24％的网站对疫苗持消极态度，而大多数网站都是疫苗接种网站（43-70％）。但是，他们在Google中的排名各不相同。在中，第一个疫苗阴性网站是SERP中的第43个网站，在英国和澳大利亚本地化版本以及法文的前10个网站中，有一个疫苗阴性网页，而在意大利语，葡萄牙语和普通话中则有两个； Google使用的信息质量算法可能会更好地使用英语。在疫苗和自闭症之间的联系中，许多网页都提到了名人，其中唐纳德·特朗普最为常见。很少有网站（1-5％）推广辅助和替代医学（CAM），但其中50-100％也是疫苗阴性的，这表明CAM用户更容易接触疫苗阴性信息。该分析突出显示了需要监视网络以获取影响疫苗接种的信息。

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