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Overcoming the Subject-Object Dichotomy in Urban Modeling: Axial Maps as Geometric Representations of Affordances in the Built Environment

机译：克服城市建模中的主客二分法：轴向图作为建筑环境中富裕度的几何表示

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The world is witnessing unprecedented urbanization, bringing extreme challenges to contemporary practices in urban planning and design. This calls for improved urban models that can generate new knowledge and enhance practical skill. Importantly, any urban model embodies a conception of the relation between humans and the physical environment. In urban modeling this is typically conceived of as a relation between human subjects and an environmental object, thereby reproducing a humans-environment dichotomy. Alternative modeling traditions, such as space syntax that originates in architecture rather than geography, have tried to overcome this dichotomy. Central in this effort is the development of new representations of urban space, such as in the case of space syntax, the axial map. This form of representation aims to integrate both human behavior and the physical environment into one and the same description. Interestingly, models based on these representations have proved to better capture pedestrian movement than regular models. Pedestrian movement, as well as other kinds of human flows in urban space, is essential for urban modeling, since increasingly flows of this kind are understood as the driver in urban processes. Critical for a full understanding of space syntax modeling is the ontology of its' representations, such as the axial map. Space syntax theory here often refers to James Gibson's “Theory of affordances,” where the concept of affordances, in a manner similar to axial maps, aims to bridge the subject-object dichotomy by neither constituting physical properties of the environment or human behavior, but rather what emerges in the meeting between the two. In extension of this, the axial map can be interpreted as a representation of how the physical form of the environment affords human accessibility and visibility in urban space. This paper presents a close examination of the form of representations developed in space syntax methodology, in particular in the light of Gibson's “theory of affordances.“ The overarching aim is to contribute to a theoretical framework for urban models based on affordances, which may support the overcoming of the subject-object dichotomy in such models, here deemed essential for a greater social-ecological sustainability of cities.
机译：世界目睹了前所未有的城市化进程，给城市规划和设计的当代实践带来了极大的挑战。这就要求改进城市模型，以产生新知识并提高实践技能。重要的是，任何城市模型都体现了人与自然环境之间关系的概念。在城市建模中，这通常被认为是人类对象与环境对象之间的关系，从而再现了人类与环境的二分法。替代建模传统，例如起源于建筑而不是地理的空间语法，已经尝试克服这种二分法。这项工作的重点是开发新的城市空间表示形式，例如在空间语法方面的轴向图。这种表示形式旨在将人类行为和物理环境整合到一个相同的描述中。有趣的是，事实证明，基于这些表示的模型比常规模型能更好地捕获行人运动。行人运动以及城市空间中其他类型的人流对于城市建模至关重要，因为人们越来越多地将这种类型的人流视为城市过程的驱动力。全面理解空间语法建模的关键是其表示的本体，例如轴向图。这里的空间句法理论通常是指詹姆士·吉布森（James Gibson）的“负担理论”，其中的负担概念以类似于轴向图的方式，旨在通过既不构成环境的物理特性也不构成人类行为的方法来弥合主客二分法。而是在两者之间的会议中出现了什么。此外，轴向图可以解释为代表环境的物理形式如何在城市空间中提供人类可及性和可见性。本文对空间句法方法论发展的表示形式进行了仔细研究，尤其是根据吉布森的“可承受性理论”。总体目标是为基于可承受性的城市模型的理论框架做出贡献。在这种模式下，克服主客二分法在这里被认为对于城市更大的社会生态可持续性至关重要。

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