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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>other >Acute Anxiety Predicts Components of the Cold Shock Response on Cold Water Immersion: Toward an Integrated Psychophysiological Model of Acute Cold Water Survival
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Acute Anxiety Predicts Components of the Cold Shock Response on Cold Water Immersion: Toward an Integrated Psychophysiological Model of Acute Cold Water Survival

机译：急性焦虑症预测冷水浸入时冷休克反应的组成部分：建立急性冷水生存的综合心理生理模型。

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>Introduction: Drowning is a leading cause of accidental death. In cold-water, sudden skin cooling triggers the life-threatening cold shock response (CSR). The CSR comprises tachycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction, hypertension, inspiratory gasp, and hyperventilation with the hyperventilatory component inducing hypocapnia and increasing risk of aspirating water to the lungs. Some CSR components can be reduced by habituation (i.e., reduced response to stimulus of same magnitude) induced by 3–5 short cold-water immersions (CWI). However, high levels of acute anxiety, a plausible emotion on CWI: magnifies the CSR in unhabituated participants, reverses habituated components of the CSR and prevents/delays habituation when high levels of anxiety are experienced concurrent to immersions suggesting anxiety is integral to the CSR.>Purpose: To examine the predictive relationship that prior ratings of acute anxiety have with the CSR. Secondly, to examine whether anxiety ratings correlated with components of the CSR during immersion before and after induction of habituation.>Methods: Forty-eight unhabituated participants completed one (CON1) 7-min immersion in to cold water (15°C). Of that cohort, twenty-five completed four further CWIs that would ordinarily induce CSR habituation. They then completed two counter-balanced immersions where anxiety levels were increased (CWI-ANX) or were not manipulated (CON2). Acute anxiety and the cardiorespiratory responses (cardiac frequency [fc], respiratory frequency [fR], tidal volume [VT], minute ventilation [E]) were measured. Multiple regression was used to identify components of the CSR from the most life-threatening period of immersion (1st minute) predicted by the anxiety rating prior to immersion. Relationships between anxiety rating and CSR components during immersion were assessed by correlation.>Results: Anxiety rating predicted the fc component of the CSR in unhabituated participants (CON1; p < 0.05, r = 0.536, r2= 0.190). After habituation immersions (i.e., cohort 2), anxiety rating predicted the fR component of the CSR when anxiety levels were lowered (CON2; p < 0.05, r = 0.566, r2= 0.320) but predicted the fc component of the CSR (p < 0.05, r = 0.518, r2= 0.197) when anxiety was increased suggesting different drivers of the CSR when anxiety levels were manipulated; correlation data supported these relationships.>Discussion: Acute anxiety is integral to the CSR before and after habituation. We offer a new integrated model including neuroanatomical, perceptual and attentional components of the CSR to explain these data.
机译：>简介：溺水是意外死亡的主要原因。在冷水中，突然的皮肤冷却会触发危及生命的冷休克反应（CSR）。 CSR包括心动过速，周围血管收缩，高血压，吸气和过度换气，过度换气成分会导致低碳酸血症并增加向肺部吸水的风险。 3-5次短暂的冷水浸泡（CWI）可以通过适应（即降低对相同幅度刺激的响应）来减少某些CSR成分。然而，高水平的急性焦虑症（一种对CWI的合理情绪）：在无人参加的参与者中会放大CSR，逆转CSR的习性成分并在沉浸中同时经历高水平的焦虑时防止/延缓习性，表明焦虑是CSR不可或缺的。 >目的：检查先前的急性焦虑评分与CSR的预测关系。其次，研究在习惯性诱导前后，浸泡过程中焦虑程度是否与CSR成分相关。>方法： 48名无习惯的参与者完成了一次（CON1）7分钟的冷水浸泡（ 15°C）。在该队列中，有25个人完成了另外4个通常会诱发CSR习惯的CWI。然后，他们完成了两次抵消平衡的沉浸，其中焦虑水平有所提高（CWI-ANX）或没有被控制（CON2）。测量急性焦虑和心肺反应（心脏频率[fc]，呼吸频率[fR]，潮气量[VT]，分钟通气[E]）。通过多元回归分析，从浸入前的焦虑等级预测的浸入生命的最危险时期（1分钟）开始，确定CSR的组成部分。通过相关性评估焦虑等级与沉浸过程中CSR成分之间的关​​系。>结果：焦虑等级预测了无习惯参与者中CSR的fc成分（CON1； p <0.05，r = 0.536，r 2 = 0.190）。适应性沉浸后（即群组2），焦虑等级预测了焦虑水平降低时CSR的fR分量（CON2； p <0.05，r = 0.566，r 2 = 0.320），但预测了CSR的 f c分量（ p <0.05， r = 0.518， r 2 = 0.197），当焦虑增加时，表明在操纵焦虑水平时，CSR的驱动因素不同；相关数据支持了这些关系。>讨论：急性焦虑是习惯化前后不可或缺的。我们提供了一个新的集成模型，其中包括CSR的神经解剖，知觉和注意组件来解释这些数据。

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