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Effects of Didymosphenia geminata massive growth on stream communities: Smaller organisms and simplified food web structure

机译：双孢霉菌大量生长对河流群落的影响：较小的生物和简化的食物网结构

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This study aims to contribute to the understanding of the impact of Didymosphenia geminata massive growths upon river ecosystem communities’ composition and functioning. This is the first study to jointly consider the taxonomic composition and functional structure of diatom and macroinvertebrate assemblages in order to determine changes in community structure, and the food web alterations associated with this invasive alga. This study was carried out in the Lumbreras River (Ebro Basin, La Rioja, Northern Spain), which has been affected by a considerable massive growth of D. geminata since 2011. The study shows a profound alteration in both the river community composition and in the food web structure at the sites affected by the massive growth, which is primarily due to the alteration of the environmental conditions, thus demonstrating that D. geminata has an important role as an ecosystem engineer in the river. Thick filamentous mats impede the movement of large invertebrates—especially those that move and feed up on it—and favor small, opportunistic, herbivorous organisms, mainly chironomids, that are capable of moving between filaments and are aided by the absence of large trophic competitors and predators -prey release effect-. Only small predators, such as hydra, are capable of surviving in the new environment, as they are favored by the increase in chironomids, a source of food, and by the reduction in both their own predators and other midge predators -mesopredator release-. This change in the top-down control affects the diatom community, since chironomids may feed on large diatoms, increasing the proportion of small diatoms in the substrate. The survival of small and fast-growing pioneer diatoms is also favored by the mesh of filaments, which offers them a new habitat for colonization. Simultaneously, D. geminata causes a significant reduction in the number of diatoms with similar ecological requirements (those attached to the substrate). Overall, D. geminata creates a community dominated by small organisms that is clearly different from the existing communities in the same stream where there is an absence of massive growths.
机译：这项研究旨在帮助人们了解双孢小虫的大量生长对河流生态系统群落组成和功能的影响。这是首次研究硅藻和大型无脊椎动物组合的分类学组成和功能结构，以确定群落结构的变化以及与这种侵入性藻类相关的食物网变化的第一项研究。这项研究是在伦布雷拉斯河（西班牙北部拉里奥哈，埃布罗盆地）上进行的，该河自2011年以来受到双歧D的相当大的增长的影响。该研究表明，河流群落组成和分布都发生了深刻变化。受大规模生长影响的地点的食物网结构，这主要是由于环境条件的改变，因此证明了双子叶蝉作为河流生态系统工程师具有重要作用。较厚的丝状垫层会阻碍大型无脊椎动物的活动，特别是那些在其上移动并以其为食的无脊椎动物，并且偏爱小型，机会性，草食性生物体，主要是鳞茎纲动物，它们能够在细丝之间移动，并且在缺乏大型营养性竞争者和捕食者-猎物释放效果-只有小型食肉动物（例如水蛇）能够在新环境中生存，因为它们受到食肉动物日粮的增加（它们是食物的来源）以及它们自己的食肉动物和其他中等食肉动物（中食动物释放）的减少的青睐。自上而下控制的这种变化会影响硅藻群落，因为手足虫可能以大硅藻为食，从而增加了底物中小硅藻的比例。细小且快速生长的先锋硅藻的生存也受到丝状网的青睐，从而为它们提供了新的定居环境。同时，D。geminata导致具有相似生态要求（附着在基质上的那些）的硅藻数量大大减少。总体而言，双子叶蝉（D. geminata）创建了一个以小生物为主的群落，这明显不同于同一河流中没有大量生长的现有群落。

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