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Errors and improvements in the use of archived meteorological data for chemical transport modeling: an analysis using GEOS-Chem v11-01 driven by GEOS-5 meteorology

机译：使用已归档的气象数据进行化学传输建模时的错误和改进：使用由GEOS-5气象学驱动的GEOS-Chem v11-01进行的分析

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Global simulations of atmospheric chemistry are commonly conducted with off-line chemical transport models (CTMs) driven by archived meteorological data from general circulation models (GCMs). The off-line approach has advantages of simplicity and expediency, but incurs errors due to temporal averaging in the meteorological archive and the inability to reproduce the GCM transport algorithms exactly. The CTM simulation is also often conducted at coarser grid resolution than the parent GCM. Here we investigate this cascade of CTM errors by using 222Rn-210Pb-7Be chemical tracer simulations offline in the GEOS-Chem CTM at rectilinear 0.25° ×0.3125° (≈25 km) and 2° ×2.5° (≈200 km) resolutions, and on-line in the parent GEOS-5 GCM at cubed-sphere c360 (≈25 km) and c48 (≈200 km) horizontal resolutions. The c360 GEOS-5 GCM meteorological archive, updated every 3 hours and remapped to 0.25° ×0.3125°, is the standard operational product generated by the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) and used as input by GEOS-Chem. We find that the GEOS-Chem 222Rn simulation at native 0.25° ×0.3125° resolution is affected by vertical transport errors of up to 20% relative to the GEOS-5 c360 on-line simulation, in part due to loss of transient organized vertical motions in the GCM (resolved convection) that are temporally averaged out in the 3-hour meteorological archive. There is also significant error caused by operational remapping of the meteorological archive from cubed-sphere to rectilinear grid. Decreasing the GEOS-Chem resolution from 0.25°×0.3125° to 2°×2.5° induces further weakening of vertical transport as transient vertical motions are averaged out spatially as well as temporally. The resulting 222Rn concentrations simulated by the coarse-resolution GEOS-Chem are overestimated by up to 40% in surface air relative to the on-line c360 simulations, and underestimated by up to 40% in the upper troposphere, while the tropospheric lifetimes of 210Pb and 7Be against aerosol deposition are affected by 5–10%. The lost vertical transport in the coarse-resolution GEOS-Chem simulation can be partly restored by re-computing the convective mass fluxes at the appropriate resolution to replace the archived convective mass fluxes, and by correcting for bias 20 in spatial averaging of boundary layer mixing depths.
机译：大气化学的全球模拟通常是通过离线化学传输模型（CTM）进行的，该模型由来自一般循环模型（GCM）的已归档气象数据驱动。离线方法具有简单性和便利性的优点，但是由于气象档案中的时间平均以及无法精确再现GCM传输算法而导致错误。 CTM仿真通常也以比父GCM更高的网格分辨率进行。在这里，我们通过在GEOS-Chem CTM中离线使用 222 Rn- 210 Pb- 7 Be化学示踪剂模拟来研究这种CTM错误级联0.25°×0.3125°（≈25km）的直线和2°×2.5°（≈200km）的分辨率，并在父球体GEOS-5 GCM上在立方球体c360（≈25km）和c48（≈200 km）水平分辨率。 c360 GEOS-5 GCM气象档案每3小时更新一次，重新映射为0.25°×0.3125°，是NASA全球建模和同化办公室（GMAO）生成的标准运行产品，并由GEOS-Chem用作输入。我们发现，相对于GEOS-5 c360在线模拟，在原始0.25°×0.3125°分辨率下的GEOS-Chem 222 Rn模拟受到垂直传输误差的影响高达20％由于丢失了GCM（解析对流）中短暂的有组织的垂直运动，该运动在时间上平均为3小时的气象档案。气象档案从立方球形到直线网格的重新映射也造成了重大误差。将GEOS-Chem分辨率从0.25°×0.3125°降低到2°×2.5°会导致垂直传输的进一步减弱，因为瞬态垂直运动在空间和时间上均被平均化。相对于在线c360模拟，由粗分辨率的GEOS-Chem模拟得到的 222 Rn浓度在地面空气中被高估了40％，而在上部空气中被低估了40％。对流层， 210 Pb和 7 Be对气溶胶沉积的对流层寿命受5-10％的影响。通过以适当的分辨率重新计算对流质量通量以替代存档的对流质量通量，以及在边界层混合的空间平均中校正偏差20，可以部分恢复粗分辨率GEOS-Chem模拟中丢失的垂直传输。深度。

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