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Crustacean amphipods from marsh ponds: a nutritious feed resource with potential for application in Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture

机译：来自沼泽池塘的甲壳类两栖动物：一种有营养的饲料资源有可能在综合多营养水产养殖中应用

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Coastal protection, nutrient cycling, erosion control, water purification, and carbon sequestration are ecosystem services provided by salt marshes. Additionally, salt ponds offer coastal breeding and a nursery habitat for fishes and they provide abundant invertebrates, such as amphipods, which are potentially useful as a resource in aquaculture. Fishmeal and fish oil are necessary food resources to support aquaculture of carnivorous species due to their omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA). Currently, aquaculture depends on limited fisheries and feed with elevated n-3 LC-PUFA levels, but the development of more sustainable food sources is necessary. Amphipods appear to be a potential high quality alternative feed resource for aquaculture. Hence, a nutritional study was carried out for several main amphipod species—Microdeutopus gryllotalpa, Monocorophium acherusicum, Gammarus insensibilis, Melita palmata and Cymadusa filosa—in terrestrial ponds in the South of Spain. These species showed high protein content (up to 40%), high n-3 PUFA and phospholipid levels, and high levels of phophatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and triacylglycerols (TAG), the latter being significantly high for M. acherusicum. M. gryllotalpa and M. acherusicum showed the highest proportion of lipids (19.15% and 18.35%, respectively). Isoleucine, glycine and alanine were the dominant amino acids in all species. In addition, amphipods collected from ponds showed low levels of heavy metals. Furthermore, the biochemical profiles of the five species of amphipods have been compared with other studied alternative prey. Therefore, pond amphipods are good candidates to be used as feed, and are proposed as a new sustainable economic resource to be used in aquaculture. G. insensibilis may be the best for intensive culture as an alternative feed resource because it shows: (1) adequate n-3 PUFA and PL composition; (2) high levels of glycine, alanine, tyrosine, isoleucine and lysine; (3) high natural densities; (4) large body size (≥1 cm), and (5) high concentration of calcium. Moreover, a combined culture of amphipods and fishes in these marsh ponds seems a promising and environmentally sustainable way to develop Integrate Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) in these ecosystems.
机译：海岸保护，养分循环，侵蚀控制，水净化和固碳是盐沼提供的生态系统服务。此外，盐池为沿海鱼类提供了繁殖场所，并为鱼类提供了苗圃栖息地，并提供了丰富的无脊椎动物，如两栖动物，它们有可能作为水产养殖资源。鱼粉和鱼油因其omega-3长链多不饱和脂肪酸（n-3 LC-PUFA）而成为支持肉食性物种水产养殖的必要食品资源。当前，水产养殖依靠有限的渔业和n-3 LC-PUFA水平升高的饲料，但是必须开发更多可持续的食物来源。两栖动物似乎是水产养殖的潜在高质量替代饲料资源。因此，在西班牙南部的陆生池塘中对几种主要的两栖纲动物进行了营养研究，这些物种包括小脚金线虫（Microdeutopus gryllotalpa），小脚金线虫（Monorophophium acherusicum），加玛氏（Gammarus insensibilis），蜜ita（Melita palmata）和丝状丝藻（Cymadusa filosa）。这些物种显示出高蛋白含量（高达40％），高n-3 PUFA和磷脂水平，以及高水平的磷脂酰胆碱（PC），磷脂酰乙醇胺（PE）和三酰甘油（TAG），后者对白金刚菌的含量明显较高。 。 Gryllotalpa和Acherusicumum的脂质比例最高（分别为19.15％和18.35％）。异亮氨酸，甘氨酸和丙氨酸是所有物种中的主要氨基酸。此外，从池塘收集的两栖类动物重金属含量低。此外，已将五种两栖动物的生化特征与其他研究的替代猎物进行了比较。因此，池塘两栖动物是用作饲料的良好候选者，并被提议作为水产养殖中使用的新型可持续经济资源。不育芽孢杆菌可能是集约化养殖的最佳替代饲料资源，因为它显示：（1）适当的n-3 PUFA和PL组成； （2）甘氨酸，丙氨酸，酪氨酸，异亮氨酸和赖氨酸含量高； （3）自然密度高； （4）体型较大（≥1cm），以及（5）高浓度钙。此外，在这些沼泽池塘中将两栖动物和鱼类混合养殖似乎是在这些生态系统中发展综合多营养水产养殖（IMTA）的一种有前途且对环境可持续的方式。

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