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Neonicotinoid residues in UK honey despite European Union moratorium

机译：尽管欧盟暂停执行但英国蜂蜜中的新烟碱残留量

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Due to concerns over negative impacts on insect pollinators, the European Union has implemented a moratorium on the use of three neonicotinoid pesticide seed dressings for mass-flowering crops. We assessed the effectiveness of this policy in reducing the exposure risk to honeybees by collecting 130 samples of honey from bee keepers across the UK before (2014: N = 21) and after the moratorium was in effect (2015: N = 109). Neonicotinoids were present in about half of the honey samples taken before the moratorium, and they were present in over a fifth of honey samples following the moratorium. Clothianidin was the most frequently detected neonicotinoid. Neonicotinoid concentrations declined from May to September in the year following the ban. However, the majority of post-moratorium neonicotinoid residues were from honey harvested early in the year, coinciding with oilseed rape flowering. Neonicotinoid concentrations were correlated with the area of oilseed rape surrounding the hive location. These results suggest mass flowering crops may contain neonicotinoid residues where they have been grown on soils contaminated by previously seed treated crops. This may include winter seed treatments applied to cereals that are currently exempt from EU restrictions. Although concentrations of neonicotinoids were low (<2.0 ng g-1), and posed no risk to human health, they may represent a continued risk to honeybees through long-term chronic exposure.
机译：由于担心对昆虫授粉媒介的不利影响，欧洲联盟已暂停使用三种新烟碱类农药种子拌料用于大量开花作物。我们通过在暂停执行之前（2014年：N = 21）和从全英国养蜂人那里收集了130个蜂蜜样本，评估了该政策在降低蜜蜂暴露风险方面的有效性。新烟碱类药物存在于暂停禁令之前采集的蜂蜜样本的约一半中，并且在暂停禁令之后存在于超过五分之一的蜂蜜样本中。 Clothianidin是最常检测到的新烟碱。禁令后的一年中，新烟碱浓度从5月到9月下降。但是，大多数死后的新烟碱残留物是从今年年初收获的蜂蜜中收获的，这与油菜的开花相吻合。新烟碱浓度与蜂巢周围油菜的面积相关。这些结果表明，大量开花的农作物可能已经含有新烟碱残留物，这些残留物已经在经过种子处理过的农作物污染的土壤中生长。这可能包括适用于目前不受欧盟限制的谷物的冬季种子处理。尽管新烟碱的浓度很低（<2.0 ng g -1 ），对人体健康没有危害，但它们可能通过长期长期暴露对蜜蜂构成持续危险。

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