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Ciguatoxicity of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa species from the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico

机译：来自加勒比海和墨西哥湾的冈比亚竹属和福建属物种的Cigua毒性

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Dinoflagellate species belonging to the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa produce ciguatoxins (CTXs), potent neurotoxins that concentrate in fish causing ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in humans. While the structures and toxicities of ciguatoxins isolated from fish in the Pacific and Caribbean are known, there are few data on the variation in toxicity between and among species of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. Quantifying the differences in species-specific toxicity is especially important to developing an effective cell-based risk assessment strategy for CFP. This study analyzed the ciguatoxicity of 33 strains representing seven Gambierdiscus and one Fukuyoa species using a cell based Neuro-2a cytotoxicity assay. All strains were isolated from either the Caribbean or Gulf of Mexico. The average toxicity of each species was inversely proportional to growth rate, suggesting an evolutionary trade-off between an investment in growth versus the production of defensive compounds. While there is 2- to 27-fold variation in toxicity within species, there was a 1740-fold difference between the least and most toxic species. Consequently, production of CTX or CTX-like compounds is more dependent on the species present than on the random occurrence of high or low toxicity strains. Seven of the eight species tested (G. belizeanus, G. caribaeus, G. carolinianus, G. carpenteri, Gambierdiscus ribotype 2, G. silvae and F. ruetzleri) exhibited low toxicities, ranging from 0 to 24.5 fg CTX3C equivalents cell-1, relative to G. excentricus, which had a toxicity of 469 fg CTX3C eq. cell-1. Isolates of G. excentricus from other regions have shown similarly high toxicities. If the hypothesis that G. excentricus is the primary source of ciguatoxins in the Atlantic is confirmed, it should be possible to identify areas where CFP risk is greatest by monitoring only G. excentricus abundance using species-specific molecular assays.
机译：属于鞭毛藻和福冈属的鞭毛藻产生雪茄毒素（CTX），这是强力神经毒素，集中在鱼类中，导致人的雪茄鱼中毒（CFP）。尽管从太平洋和加勒比海地区的鱼类中分离到的瓜瓜毒素的结构和毒性是已知的，但关于甘比迪克斯和福冈亚种之间以及种间毒性变化的数据很少。量化物种特异性毒性差异对于开发有效的基于细胞的CFP风险评估策略尤其重要。这项研究使用基于细胞的Neuro-2a细胞毒性测定法分析了代表7个甘比氏菌和1个福冈亚种的33个菌株的cigua毒性。所有菌株均从加勒比海或墨西哥湾分离。每个物种的平均毒性与生长速度成反比，这表明在生长投资与防御性化合物生产之间的进化权衡。尽管物种内的毒性变化为2至27倍，但毒性最低和毒性最大的物种之间的差异为1740倍。因此，CTX或类CTX化合物的生产更依赖于所存在的物种，而不是高毒性或低毒性菌株的随机出现。测试的八种物种中有七种（伯利兹猪笼草，加勒比猪笼草，卡罗莱纳猪笼草，卡彭特里猪笼草，甘比迪斯酵母核糖型2，蚕豆 和 F 。 ruetzleri ）相对于 G 而言，毒性较低，CTX3C当量细胞 -1 的范围为0至24.5 fg。 excentricus ，其毒性为469 fg CTX3C eq。 cell -1 。 G 的隔离。来自其他地区的 excentricus 也显示出类似的高毒性。如果假设是 G 。已确认 excentricus 是大西洋中雪茄毒素的主要来源，因此，仅通过监测 G 就能确定CFP风险最大的地区。 excentricus 丰度使用特定物种的分子测定法。

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