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The Alleviation of Heat Damage to Photosystem II and Enzymatic Antioxidants by Exogenous Spermidine in Tall Fescue

机译：高羊茅中外源亚精胺减轻对光系统II和酶促抗氧剂的热损害。

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Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) is a typical cool-season grass that is widely used in turf and pasture. However, high temperature as an abiotic stress seriously affects its utilization. The objective of this study was to explore the effect of spermidine (Spd) on heat stress response of tall fescue. The samples were exposed to 22°C (normal condition) or 44°C (heat stress) for 4 h. The results showed that exogenous Spd partially improved the quality of tall fescue leaves under normal temperature conditions. Nevertheless, after heat stress treatment, exogenous Spd significantly decreased the electrolyte leakage of tall fescue leaves. Spd also profoundly reduced the H2O2 and O2⋅- content and increased antioxidant enzymes activities. In addition, PAs can also regulate antioxidant enzymes activities including SOD, POD, and APX which could help to scavenge ROS. Moreover, application of Spd could also remarkably increase the chlorophyll content and had a positive effect on the chlorophyll α fluorescence transients under high temperature. The Spd reagent enhanced the performance of photosystem II (PSII) as observed by the JIP-test. Under heat stress, the Spd profoundly improved the partial potentials at the steps of energy bifurcations (PIABS and PItotal) and the quantum yields and efficiencies (φP0, δR0, φR0, and γRC). Exogenous Spd could also reduce the specific energy fluxes per QA- reducing PSII reaction center (RC) (TP0/RC and ET0/RC). Additionally, exogenous Spd improved the expression level of psbA and psbB, which encoded the proteins of PSII core reaction center complex. We infer that PAs can stabilize the structure of nucleic acids and protect RNA from the degradation of ribonuclease. In brief, our study indicates that exogenous Spd enhances the heat tolerance of tall fescue by maintaining cell membrane stability, increasing antioxidant enzymes activities, improving PSII, and relevant gene expression.
机译：高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea Schreb）是典型的凉季草，广泛用于草皮和牧场。但是，高温作为一种非生物胁迫会严重影响其利用率。这项研究的目的是探讨亚精胺（Spd）对高羊茅热应激反应的影响。将样品暴露于22°C（正常条件）或44°C（热应力）下4小时。结果表明，在正常温度条件下，外源Spd部分改善了高羊茅叶片的品质。然而，经过热应激处理后，外源Spd显着降低了高羊茅叶片的电解质泄漏。 Spd还显着降低了H2O2和O2 ⋅-的含量，并增加了抗氧化酶的活性。此外，PA还可以调节抗氧化酶的活性，包括SOD，POD和APX，可帮助清除ROS。而且，Spd的施用还可以显着增加叶绿素含量，并且对高温下的叶绿素α荧光瞬变具有积极作用。通过JIP测试观察到，Spd试剂增强了光系统II（PSII）的性能。在热应力下，Spd极大地改善了能量分叉（PIABS和PItotal）步骤中的部分电势以及量子产率和效率（φP0，δR0，φR0和γRC）。外源Spd还可以降低每个QA -的比能通量，从而降低PSII反应中心（RC）（TP0 / RC和ET0 / RC）。另外，外源Spd提高了psbA和psbB的表达水平，它们编码了PSII核心反应中心复合物的蛋白质。我们推断，PA可以稳定核酸的结构并保护RNA免受核糖核酸酶的降解。简而言之，我们的研究表明外源Spd通过维持细胞膜稳定性，增加抗氧化酶活性，改善PSII和相关基因表达来增强高羊茅的耐热性。

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