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Flower Development and Sex Determination between Male and Female Flowers in Vernicia fordii

机译：多年生紫花的花发育与雌雄花间的性别决定

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摘要

Vernicia fordii is a monoecious and diclinous species with male and female flowers on the same inflorescence. Low female to male flower ratio is one of the main reasons for low yield in this species. However, little is known of its floral development and sex determination. Here, according to the results of scanning electron microscopy and histological analysis, the floral development of V. fordii was divided into 12 stages and the first morphological divergence between the male and female flowers was found to occur at stage 7. The male flowers are always unisexual, but the female flowers present bisexual characteristics, with sterile stamen (staminode) restricted to pre-meiosis of mother sporogenous cells and cell death occurring at later development stages. To further elucidate the molecular mechanism underling sex determination at the divergence stage for male and female flowers, comparative transcriptome analysis was performed. In total, 56,065 unigenes were generated and 608 genes were differentially expressed between male and female flowers, among which 310 and 298 DEGs (differentially expressed genes) showed high expression levels in males and females, respectively. The transcriptome data showed that the sexual dimorphism of female flowers was affected by jasmonic acid, transcription factors, and some genes related to the floral meristem activity. Ten candidate genes showed consistent expression in the qRT-PCR validation and DEGs data. In this study, we provide developmental characterization and transcriptomic information for better understanding of the development of unisexual flowers and the regulatory networks underlying the mechanism of sex determination in V. fordii, which would be helpful in the molecular breeding of V. fordii to improve the yield output.
机译：Vernicia fordii是一种雌雄同株的花，雄花和雌花在同一花序上。雌雄花比低是该品种产量低的主要原因之一。然而，对其花的发育和性别决定知之甚少。在此，根据扫描电子显微镜和组织学分析的结果，将福特小花的花发育分为12个阶段，发现雄花和雌花之间的第一个形态差异发生在第7阶段。雄花总是雌雄花单性，但雌性花具双性性，不育雄蕊（staminode）限于母子源细胞减数分裂前期，并在后期发育阶段死亡。为了进一步阐明雄性和雌性花在分歧阶段性别决定的分子机制，进行了比较转录组分析。总共产生了56,065个单基因，雄性和雌性花之间差异表达了608个基因，其中310和298个DEG（差异表达基因）分别在雄性和雌性中表达高。转录组数据显示，茉莉酸，转录因子和一些与花分生组织活性有关的基因影响雌花的有性二态性。十个候选基因在qRT-PCR验证和DEGs数据中显示出一致的表达。在这项研究中，我们提供了发育特征和转录组信息，以便更好地了解单性花的发育以及伏地黄性别决定机制背后的调控网络，这将有助于伏地黄的分子育种以改善其生长。产量输出。

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