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A Multiple Identity Approach to Gender: Identification with Women Identification with Feminists and Their Interaction

机译：性别的多重认同方法：与女性的认同与女权主义者的认同及其相互作用

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Across four studies, we examine multiple identities in the context of gender and propose that women's attitudes toward gender group membership are governed by two largely orthogonal dimensions of gender identity: identification with women and identification with feminists. We argue that identification with women reflects attitudes toward the content society gives to group membership: what does it mean to be a woman in terms of group characteristics, interests and values? Identification with feminists, on the other hand, is a politicized identity dimension reflecting attitudes toward the social position of the group: what does it mean to be a woman in terms of disadvantage, inequality, and relative status? We examine the utility of this multiple identity approach in four studies. Study 1 showed that identification with women reflects attitudes toward group characteristics, such as femininity and self-stereotyping, while identification with feminists reflects attitudes toward the group's social position, such as perceived sexism. The two dimensions are shown to be largely independent, and as such provide support for the multiple identity approach. In Studies 2–4, we examine the utility of this multiple identity approach in predicting qualitative differences in gender attitudes. Results show that specific combinations of identification with women and feminists predicted attitudes toward collective action and gender stereotypes. Higher identification with feminists led to endorsement of radical collective action (Study 2) and critical attitudes toward gender stereotypes (Studies 3–4), especially at lower levels of identification with women. The different combinations of high vs. low identification with women and feminists can be thought of as reflecting four theoretical identity “types.” A woman can be (1) strongly identified with neither women nor feminists (“low identifier”), (2) strongly identified with women but less so with feminists (“traditional identifier”), (3) strongly identified with both women and feminists (“dual identifier”), or (4) strongly identified with feminists but less so with women (“distinctive feminist”). In sum, by considering identification with women and identification with feminists as multiple identities we aim to show how the multiple identity approach predicts distinct attitudes to gender issues and offer a new perspective on gender identity.
机译：在四项研究中，我们研究了性别背景下的多种身份，并提出女性对性别群体成员身份的态度受性别认同的两个基本正交的维度支配：与女性的认同和与女权主义者的认同。我们认为与女性的认同反映了社会对群体成员的满意态度：在群体特征，兴趣和价值观方面成为女性意味着什么？另一方面，与女权主义者的认同是一种政治化的身份维度，反映了对群体社会地位的态度：在劣势，不平等和相对地位方面成为女性意味着什么？我们在四项研究中研究了这种多重身份方法的效用。研究1表明，与女性的认同反映了对群体特征的态度，例如女性气质和自我刻板印象，而与女权主义者的认同则反映了对群体社会地位的态度，例如感知到的性别歧视。显示这两个维度在很大程度上是独立的，因此为多重身份方法提供了支持。在研究2-4中，我们研究了这种多重认同方法在预测性别态度的质性差异中的作用。结果表明，与女性和女权主义者的特定身份结合预测了人们对集体行动和性别定型观念的态度。对女权主义者的高度认同导致了激进的集体行动（研究2）和对性别刻板印象的批判态度（研究3-4），特别是在对妇女的认同较低的情况下。妇女和女权主义者对身份认同的高低不同可以被认为反映了四种理论上的身份“类型”。可以（1）对女性和女性主义者都没有强烈的认同感（“低识别符”），（2）对女性的认同感很强，而对女权主义者的认同感则低下（“传统识别符”），（3）对女性和女权主义者都强烈认同（“双重标识符”），或（4）对女权主义者有强烈的认同感，而对女性则不那么认同（“独特女权主义”）。总而言之，通过考虑与女性的认同和与女权主义者的认同为多重身份，我们旨在展示多重身份方法如何预测对性别问题的不同态度，并为性别认同提供新的视角。

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