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The role of density-dependent and –independent processes in spawning habitat selection by salmon in an Arctic riverscape

机译：密度依赖性和非依赖性过程在北极河景中鲑鱼产卵栖息地选择中的作用

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Density-dependent (DD) and density-independent (DI) habitat selection is strongly linked to a species’ evolutionary history. Determining the relative importance of each is necessary because declining populations are not always the result of altered DI mechanisms but can often be the result of DD via a reduced carrying capacity. We developed spatially and temporally explicit models throughout the Chena River, Alaska to predict important DI mechanisms that influence Chinook salmon spawning success. We used resource-selection functions to predict suitable spawning habitat based on geomorphic characteristics, a semi-distributed water-and-energy balance hydrologic model to generate stream flow metrics, and modeled stream temperature as a function of climatic variables. Spawner counts were predicted throughout the core and periphery spawning sections of the Chena River from escapement estimates (DD) and DI variables. Additionally, we used isodar analysis to identify whether spawners actively defend spawning habitat or follow an ideal free distribution along the riverscape. Aerial counts were best explained by escapement and reference to the core or periphery, while no models with DI variables were supported in the candidate set. Furthermore, isodar plots indicated habitat selection was best explained by ideal free distributions, although there was strong evidence for active defense of core spawning habitat. Our results are surprising, given salmon commonly defend spawning resources, and are likely due to competition occurring at finer spatial scales than addressed in this study.
机译：依赖密度（DD）和依赖密度（DI）的栖息地选择与物种的进化历史紧密相关。确定每一个的相对重要性是必要的，因为人口的减少并不总是DI机制改变的结果，而往往是由于承载能力降低导致DD的结果。我们在阿拉斯加的Chena河上开发了时空显式模型，以预测影响奇努克鲑鱼产卵成功的重要DI机制。我们使用资源选择功能根据地貌特征预测合适的产卵栖息地，使用半分布式水能平衡水文模型来生成水流指标，并根据气候变量对水流温度进行建模。根据逃逸估计（DD）和DI变量，可以预测整个Chena河核心和外围产卵区的Spanner数量。此外，我们使用isodar分析来确定产卵场是主动防御产卵栖息地还是遵循沿河景观的理想自由分布。航空计数最好通过擒纵机构和对核心或外围的解释来解释，而候选集中不支持带有DI变量的模型。此外，等腰线图表明，理想的自由分布最好地解释了栖息地的选择，尽管有强有力的证据表明可以积极防御核心产卵栖息地。考虑到鲑鱼通常保护产卵资源，我们的结果令人惊讶，并且可能是由于竞争发生在比本研究要解决的更精细的空间尺度上。

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