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Territorial black-capped chickadee males respond faster to high- than to low-frequency songs in experimentally elevated noise conditions

机译：在实验性升高的噪音条件下领土黑冠山雀男性对高频歌曲的反应比对低频歌曲的反应更快

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Low-frequency urban noise can interfere with avian communication through masking. Some species are able to shift the frequency of their vocalizations upwards in noisy conditions, which may reduce the effects of masking. However, results from playback studies investigating whether or not such vocal changes improve audibility in noisy conditions are not clear; the responses of free-ranging individuals to shifted signals are potentially confounded by functional trade-offs between masking-related audibility and frequency-dependent signal quality. Black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) naturally sing their songs at several different frequencies as they pitch-shift to match conspecifics during song-matching contests. They are also known to switch to higher song frequencies in response to experimental noise exposure. Each male produces both high- and low-frequency songs and absolute frequency is not a signal of aggression or dominance, making this an interesting species in which to test whether higher-frequency songs are more audible than lower-frequency songs in noisy conditions. We conducted playback studies across southern and central British Columbia, Canada, using paired song stimuli (high- vs low-frequency songs, n = 24 pairs) embedded in synthetic background noise created to match typical urban sound profiles. Over the course of each playback, the signal-to-noise ratio of the song stimuli was gradually increased by raising the amplitude of the song stimuli while maintaining background noise at a constant amplitude. We evaluated variation in how quickly and aggressively territorial males reacted to each of the paired stimuli. We found that males responded more quickly to playbacks of high- than low-frequency songs when high-frequency songs were presented first, but not when low-frequency songs were first. This difference may be explained by high-frequency songs being more audible combined with a carry-over effect resulting in slower responses to the second stimulus due to habituation. We observed no difference in overall aggression between stimuli. These results suggest that high-frequency songs may be more audible under noisy conditions.
机译：低频城市噪声会通过掩蔽干扰鸟类的交流。一些物种能够在嘈杂的条件下向上改变其发声的频率，这可能会降低掩盖效果。然而，回放研究调查这种人声变化是否能改善嘈杂条件下的可听性的结果尚不清楚。自由调节的个体对移位信号的响应可能会因掩蔽相关的可听性与频率相关的信号质量之间的功能权衡而混淆。黑头山雀（Poecile atricapillus）在歌曲比对比赛中随着音调的变化自然地以几种不同的频率唱歌。还已知它们会响应实验性噪声暴露而切换到较高的歌曲频率。每个雄性都产生高频和低频歌曲，并且绝对频率不是侵略或统治的信号，这使得它成为一个有趣的物种，可以测试在嘈杂的条件下高频歌曲是否比低频歌曲更容易听见。我们在加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省南部和中部进行了播放研究，使用了嵌入合成背景噪声中的配对歌曲刺激（高频与低频歌曲，n = 24对）来创建，以匹配典型的城市声音轮廓。在每次播放的过程中，通过提高歌曲刺激的幅度，同时将背景噪声保持在恒定的幅度，歌曲刺激的信噪比逐渐增加。我们评估了领土雄性对每种配对刺激的反应速度和攻击力的变化。我们发现，当首先播放高频歌曲时，男性对高频歌曲播放的反应比对低频歌曲的反应更快，而当首先播放低频歌曲时，响应速度更快。这种差异可能是由于高频歌曲更易于听见并带有结转效果，这是由于习惯性导致对第二种刺激的响应变慢所致。我们观察到刺激之间的整体攻击没有差异。这些结果表明，在嘈杂的条件下，高频歌曲的听觉可能更高。

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